Nucleotide Metabolism Flashcards
Carbon can be in different ____ states. ___ ___ has the most electrons and is the most reduced. ___ ___ is the most oxidized state.
Oxidation
Methyl carbon
Carbon dioxide
___, ____, and _____ are three ‘one carbon’ donors aka ‘methyl donors’ that allow the body to perform reactions that shuffle ___ ___.
Folate, vitamin B12,
S-adenosylmethionine
Single carbons
Deficiencies in either folate or vitamin B12 result in ____ ___ due to impaired ____ synthesis.
Macrocytic anemia
Nucleotide
Carbons are donated to ____ at different oxidation states. Once bound to Tetrahydrofolate, the ____ state of the one carbon can be changed. After donating the one carbon for biosynthesis reactions, the ____ is regenerated.
Tetrahydrofolate
Oxidation
Tetrahydrofolate
The vitamin precursor for the active cofactors is ____. It is abundant in green leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, yeast, and fortified flour. It has a _____ tail that is digested in the gut to _____.
Folate
Poly-glutamate
Mono-glutamate
Folate is reduced to ____ _____ in the intestinal epithelial cells (this is the major form in the blood) and ____ in the liver.
N5-methyl Tetrahydrofolate
Poly-glutamate
Proton coupled folate transporter (PCFT) is encoded on the ______ gene and expressed on enterocytes and hepatocytes
SCL46A1
____ ____ ____: is an inherited mutation in the proton coupled folate transporter (PCFT) and causes functional folate deficiency despite adequate folate in the diet
Hereditary folate malabsorption
Folate is reduced to ____ and reduced again to ____ by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
Dihydrofolate (FH2)
Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
____ ____ is important for metabolism of dietary folate and for recycling oxidized folate to FH4. It is also an important drug target of ____ for cancer and rheumatoid Arthritis, ____ as an antibacterial, and ____ as an antimalarial.
Dihydrofolate reductase
Methotrexate
Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine
Once Tetrahydrofolate has been produced, it can take ___ ___ in different ___ states.
Single carbons
Oxidation
Oxidation states of Tetrahydrofolate:
Serine can donate a carbon through ____ _____ forming glycine and ______ FH4.
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
N5N10-methylene
The amino acid ___ is the most important contributor to the one carbon pool.
Serine
Glycine can also donate carbon to Tetrahydrofolate through ___ ___ ___, forming _____FH4, NADH, NH4+, and CO2
Glycine cleavage enzyme
N5N10-methylene
Serine, glycine, choline, histidine, and formate contribute to the ___ ___ ___.
One carbon pool
Thymidine nucleotides, purine bases, methionine, and S-adenosyl methionine are _____ of the one carbon donations.
Products
One carbon transfer in thymidine nucleotide synthesis:
The biosynthesis of ____ ____ from deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) is a methylation reaction. The carbon donor is ____ ___, the carbon is in the ___ oxidation state. During the reaction, FH4 supplies electrons and oxidizes to ____, which then must be reduced to regenerate FH4.
Deoxythymidine monophosphate (TMP)
N5N10-methyl Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
Methylene
Dihydrofolate (FH2)
Thymidine nucleotide synthesis:
After N5N10-methylene TH4 donates a carbon to dUMP to for dTMP, it is left as _____. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) must then use ____ oxidation to regenerate ____.
Dihydrofolate
NADPH
Tetrahydrofolate
Thymidine nucleotide synthesis:
___ ____ reduces a methylene carbon to methyl during transfer to dUMP to make dTMP. Once FH2 is reduced by to FH4 via ____, it can then accept another one carbon group from ___ _____.
Thymidylate synthase (TS)
DHFR
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
____ (_____) is found in the diet in the meat, eggs, and dairy, either free or protein bound
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
The ____ at the center of the ring in vitamin B12 can bind either a ____ group or an ____ ____.
Cobalt
Methyl
Adenine nucleotide
N5-methyl TH4 can only donate it’s one carbon to ____ to form ____, which participates in only one reaction: donation of methyl to _____ to make ____.
Cobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Homocysteine
Methionine
Adenosylcobalamin (5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) participates in only one reaction: catalyzes the isomerization of a methyl group in converting ____ ___ to ___ ___.
Methylmalonyl CoA
Succinyl CoA
Vitamin B12 absorption and transport:
Vitamin B12 first binds to ____ proteins secreted in the stomach. As this is digested, B12 binds ___ ___ (a protein). This complex is taken up by the intestinal epithelial cells and transported to the blood within ______ protein. Most of it is stored in the liver in complex with ____.
R-binder
Intrinsic factor
Transcobalamin II
Cubillin
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes ___ ___: megaloblastic anemia plus neurological problems
Pernicious anemia
B12 deficiency can be dietary or the result of loss of function of ___ ___, _____, or ____.
Intrinsic factor, transcobalamin II, cubillin
Many causes of pernicious anemia are caused by ____ destruction of ____ ___.
Autoimmune
Parietal cells
Vitamin B12 Reaction 1:
Methylmalonyl CoA mutase rearranges the ___ ___ to form ___ ___, which can then enter the TCA cycle. Adenosyl cobalamin is not consumed in the reaction.
Carboxylic acid
Succinyl CoA
Vitamin B12 Reaction 2:
Methionine synthase catalyzes the transfer of methyl from ____ to ____ to make ____.
Methylcobalamin is regenerated by accepting a methyl from fully reduced ____ ___.
Methylcobalamin
Homocysteine
Methionine
N5-methyl TH4
Cells have a continuous cycle between methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), and homocysteine. ____ is a methyl donor for many bio synthetic and regulatory enzymes, and it must be regenerated with ____ that comes from _____.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Carbon
N5-methyltetrahydrofolate
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
S-adenosylmethionine as a donor for bio synthetic regulatory enzymes:
Congenital Intrinsic factor deficiency can cause ____ ___. It is an inherited mutation in the gene encoding intrinsic factor.
Pernicious anemia
The methyl trap hypothesis:
The only metabolic fate of N5-methyl TH4 is to lose its ____ to ____. In a dietary or functional deficiency of cobalamin, _____ becomes trapped as N5-methyl TH4, unable to participate in other carbon transfers.
Methyl
Cobalamin
Folate
Nucleotide metabolism allows the body to synthesize nucleotides as needed and to break down excess nucleotides into ___ ___. Nucleotide metabolism provides little ___.
Excretable products
Energy