Neoplasm Flashcards
A ____ refers to a mass. This mass can be ___ meaning it is localized to an area or _____ meaning it have the potential to metastasize and spread.
Tumor
Benign
Malignant
____ means new tissue growth that is unregulated, irreversible, and derived from a single (monoclonal) cell
Neoplasia
____ is also monoclonal but may not have achieved unregulated cell growth potential and is often reversible (pre-malignant)
Dysplasia
Tumor nomenclature:
The exceptions of nomenclature:
If the tumor ends in -oma it doesn’t always mean that it is benign. If it end in -blastoma it almost always means malignant
Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in adults and children
Second
Cancer screening is effective because cancer usually begins as a ___ ___ cell. The goal of screening is to catch ____ before it becomes metastatic cancer.
Single mutated
Dysplasia
Carcinogenesis:
Cancer formation is initiated by DNA damage of ___ ___ which evade’s DNA repair mechanisms and is not lethal to the cell. _____ are agents that damage DNA and include chemicals, viruses and radiation
Stem cell
Carcinogens
Some DNA mutations will disrupt ___ ___, allowing for tumor growth and progression. Disrupted systems include ____, ___ ___ genes, and regulators of ___.
Regulatory systems
Proto oncogenes
Tumor suppressor
Apoptosis
Schematic of carcinogenesis:
The first step of carcinogenesis is called the ___ step. Initiators are agents that can cause DNA damage, but are not by themselves sufficient to cause a tumor. The second step: _____ are agents that can induce tumor formation from initiated cells, but do not damage DNA directly such as ____, ___, and ____.
Initiation
Promoters
Hormones, drugs, and phenols
Picture of initiation and promotion:
____ is an example of a virus that causes cervical cancer
HPV
Hallmarks of cancer cells:
Four classes of normal regulatory genes are primary targets of genetic damage in neoplastic transformation:
Proto-oncogenes are genes that if ____ form oncogenes that lead to unregulated cellular growth. These are genes that encode ___ ___, ___ __ receptors, signal transducers, ___ ___ regulators
Upregulated
Growth factors
Growth factor
Cell cycle
Table of proto-oncogenes:
Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and decrease the risk of tumor formation. ____ and ____ are classic examples
p53
Rb (retinoblastoma)