Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ refers to a mass. This mass can be ___ meaning it is localized to an area or _____ meaning it have the potential to metastasize and spread.

A

Tumor
Benign
Malignant

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2
Q

____ means new tissue growth that is unregulated, irreversible, and derived from a single (monoclonal) cell

A

Neoplasia

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3
Q

____ is also monoclonal but may not have achieved unregulated cell growth potential and is often reversible (pre-malignant)

A

Dysplasia

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4
Q

Tumor nomenclature:

A
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5
Q

The exceptions of nomenclature:
If the tumor ends in -oma it doesn’t always mean that it is benign. If it end in -blastoma it almost always means malignant

A
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6
Q

Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in adults and children

A

Second

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7
Q

Cancer screening is effective because cancer usually begins as a ___ ___ cell. The goal of screening is to catch ____ before it becomes metastatic cancer.

A

Single mutated
Dysplasia

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8
Q

Carcinogenesis:
Cancer formation is initiated by DNA damage of ___ ___ which evade’s DNA repair mechanisms and is not lethal to the cell. _____ are agents that damage DNA and include chemicals, viruses and radiation

A

Stem cell
Carcinogens

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9
Q

Some DNA mutations will disrupt ___ ___, allowing for tumor growth and progression. Disrupted systems include ____, ___ ___ genes, and regulators of ___.

A

Regulatory systems
Proto oncogenes
Tumor suppressor
Apoptosis

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10
Q

Schematic of carcinogenesis:

A
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11
Q

The first step of carcinogenesis is called the ___ step. Initiators are agents that can cause DNA damage, but are not by themselves sufficient to cause a tumor. The second step: _____ are agents that can induce tumor formation from initiated cells, but do not damage DNA directly such as ____, ___, and ____.

A

Initiation
Promoters
Hormones, drugs, and phenols

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12
Q

Picture of initiation and promotion:

A
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13
Q

____ is an example of a virus that causes cervical cancer

A

HPV

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14
Q

Hallmarks of cancer cells:

A
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15
Q

Four classes of normal regulatory genes are primary targets of genetic damage in neoplastic transformation:

A
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16
Q

Proto-oncogenes are genes that if ____ form oncogenes that lead to unregulated cellular growth. These are genes that encode ___ ___, ___ __ receptors, signal transducers, ___ ___ regulators

A

Upregulated
Growth factors
Growth factor
Cell cycle

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17
Q

Table of proto-oncogenes:

A
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18
Q

Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and decrease the risk of tumor formation. ____ and ____ are classic examples

A

p53
Rb (retinoblastoma)

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19
Q

p53 will stop the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. If repair is not possible, p53 upregulates ____, disrupting ___, and inducing apoptosis

A

Bax
Bcl2

20
Q

Both ____ of the p53 gene must be knocked out for tumor formation (Knudson two hit hypothesis).

A

Copies

21
Q

Rb regulates progression from __ to __ phase, same as p53. It holds the ___ transcription factor. When Rb is ____ it releases ____. When both copies of Rb are knocked out, ____ is uninhibited allowing for progression through the cell cycle.

A

G to S
E2F
Phosphorylated
E2F
E2F

22
Q

Table of tumor suppressor genes:

A
23
Q

____ is a regulator of apoptosis. It prevents apoptosis is normal cells and promotes apoptosis in mutated cells. ____ is over expressed in follicular lymphoma and ignores the usual signals for apoptosis and continues to ___.

A

Bcl2
Bcl2
Proliferate

24
Q

Other things necessary for tumor development:
____ is necessary for cell immortality. ____ (create their own blood supply) is necessary for tumor survival and growth.

A

Telomerase
Angiogenesis

25
Q

Cancer also must avoid ___ ___. Mutations often result in production of abnormal proteins, which are typically expressed on MHC class one and destroyed. But tumor cells evade immune surveillance by ____ ____ ___.

A

Immune surveillance
Downregulating MHC class I

26
Q

Tumor progression, and cancer growth is important but the __/___ is more closely related to severe cancer

A

Morbidity/mortality

27
Q

Accumulation of mutations eventually results in tumor ability to ____ into surrounding tissues and spread

A

Invade

28
Q

Epithelial tumor cells often down regulate _____, which normally attaches epithelial cells to each other. Down regulation leads to ____ of cells

A

E-cadherin
Dissociation

29
Q

____ destroys collagen type IV in the basement membrane. Cancer cells attached to ____ in the extra cellular matrix and spread locally. Entrance into ___ or ___ spaces allows for metastasis.

A

Collagenase
Fibronectin
Vascular
Lymphatic

30
Q

____ is distant spread of tumor cells. Lymphatic spread is characteristic of ____. Hematogenous spread is characteristic of ___ and some ___, typically spreads to lungs.

A

Metastasis
Carcinomas
Sarcomas, carcinomas

31
Q

Seeding of body cavities is characteristic of ___ ___, which often involves the peritoneum

A

Ovarian carcinoma

32
Q

___ tumors tend to be slow growing, well circumscribed, distant, and mobile. ___ tumors are usually rapid growing, poorly circumscribed, infiltrative, and affixed to surrounding tissues and local structures

A

Benign
Malignant

33
Q

___ is generally required before a tumor can be classified as benign or malignant with certainty.

A

Biopsy

34
Q

Histology basics:

A
35
Q

____ and ____ testing is used to characterized tumors that are difficult to classify on histology

A

Immunohistochemistry
Molecular

36
Q

Picture of benign tumor- follicular adenoma of the thyroid:
Notice the organized growth and uniform nuclei

A
37
Q

Picture of malignant tumor- squamous cell carcinoma of the lung:
Notice poorly defined edges , disorganized growth, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

A
38
Q

Specific markers for specific tissues, that help define the origin tissue of the tumor

A
39
Q

Elevated levels of tumor markers still require a ___ for diagnosis of carcinoma

A

Biopsy

40
Q

____ ____: production of substances, by a tumor that are not expected based on the cell or tissue of origin. Example: lung cancer is producing ___ or ___ and presenting with Cushing’s syndrome or hypercalcemia

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes
ACTH
PTH

41
Q

Cancer gradings of malignant types:
Microscopic assessment of differentiation. Well differentiated is ___ ___ and resembles normal parent tissue. Poorly differentiated is ___ ___ and does not resemble the original tissue type. Moderately differentiated is somewhere in between.

A

Low-grade
Hi grade

42
Q

Grading of tumors is important for determining the ___.

A

Prognosis

43
Q

Cancer ____ is assessing how far the tumor has spread. This is the key prognostic factors typically more important than grading. It requires full removal of the tumor. Uses ___ staging system.
T:
N:
M:

A

Staging
TNM

Tumor size
Spread to regional lymph nodes
Metastasis

44
Q

Review

A
45
Q

Review

A
46
Q

Cancer drugs

A