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Chemistry > Nucleophilic addition > Flashcards

Nucleophilic addition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a carbonyl group

A

C=O within a molecule

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2
Q

where is the carbonyl group on a aldehyde

A

the end of a molecule

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3
Q

what is R-CHO the formula for

A

an aldehyde

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4
Q

where is the carbonyl group for a ketone

A

the middle of the molecule

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5
Q

what is R-CO-R’ the formula for

A

a ketone

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6
Q

colour change when fehling’s is added to an aldehyde

A

blue to brick red

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7
Q

colour change when fehling’s is added to a ketone

A

no change

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8
Q

colour change when tollen’s is added to an aldehyde

A

silver mirror

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9
Q

colour change when tollen’s is added to a ketone

A

no change

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10
Q

how is an aldehyde formed

A

reacting a primary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate (VI) and immediately distilling

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11
Q

generic reaction for making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol

A

ROH + [O] -> R-CHO + H2O

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12
Q

how to make a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde

A

reacting the aldehyde with potassium dichromate (VI) and running through a reflux

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13
Q

the two reactions for making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde and a primary alcohol

A

R-CHO + [O] -> R-COOH + H2O for an aldehyde

ROH + 2[O] -> R-COOH + 2H2O

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14
Q

how do you form a ketone

A

react

a secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

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15
Q

generic reaction for forming a ketone from a secondary alcohol

A

ROH-R’ + [O] -> R-CO-R’ + H2O

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16
Q

what is the chemical used to reduce an aldehyde or ketone in a non-aqueous solvent

A

lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (LiAlH4)

17
Q

what is the chemical used to reduce an aldehyde and ketone in a water or alcohol solution

A

sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4)

18
Q

is NaBH4 or LiAlH4 more likely to be used

A

NaBH4

19
Q

which ions are used in nucleophilic addition

A

CN (cyanide) and hydride (H)

20
Q

why does the product of nucleophilic addition have optical isomers

A

the carbonyl group is planar so there’s an equal likelihood of attacking on either side. there ends up being a chiral carbon and produces a racemic mixture of products

21
Q

steps in nucleophilic addition

A

CN attacks delta positive carbon and double bond on oxygen becomes single bond
this makes the O negative
the negative O bonds to positive H

Chemistry (24 decks)

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