Nucleic Acids Pt 2

Question 1

Upon DNA replication

Answer 1

Large dna molecules interacts with histone proteins to fold long DNA molecules.

Question 2

Histone DNA complexes are called

Answer 2

Chromosomes

Question 3

A chromosome is about

Answer 3

15% by mass DNA and 85% by mass protein

Question 4

Cells of different kinds of organisms have

Answer 4

Different numbers of chromosomes

Question 5

Number of chromosomes in human, mosquto frog, dog and turkey

Answer 5

Human 46
Mosquito 6
Frog 26
Dog 78
Turkey 82

Question 6

Chromosomes occur in

Answer 6

Matched (homologus) pairs

Question 7

46 chromosomes of a human cell constitue

Answer 7

23 homologus pairs

Question 8

It is directly under the direction of DNA

Answer 8

Protein synthesis

Question 9

Proteins are responsible for the formation of

Answer 9

Skin,hair,enzymes,hormones

Question 10

Protein synthesis can be divided into two phases

Answer 10

Transcription
Translation

Question 11

A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of of mRNA molecules

Answer 11

Transcription

Question 12

A process which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

Answer 12

Translation

Question 13

Sugar unit in the backbone of RNA is

Answer 13

Ribose

Question 14

The base thymine found in DNA is replaced by

Answer 14

Uracil in RNA

Question 15

RNA is a ___ while DNA is double stranded

Answer 15

Single stranded

Question 16

RNA molecules are much smaller than DNA molecules ranging

Answer 16

From 75 nucleotides to a few thousand of nucleotides

Question 17

Formed directly by DNA transcription

Answer 17

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

Question 18

Post transcription processing converts

Answer 18

hnRNA to mRNA

Question 19

Carries instructions for protein synthesis

Answer 19

MessengerRNA mRNA

Question 20

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA

Answer 20

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 21

Small nuclear RNA contains

Answer 21

100 to 200 nucleotides

Question 22

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes .physical site of protein synthesis

Answer 22

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Question 23

Delivers amino acids to the sites of protein synthesis
Smallest nucleotide units

Answer 23

Transfer RNA tRNA 75-90 nucleotide units

Question 24

Transcription 2 step process

Answer 24

Synthesis of hnRNA and editing to yield mRNA molecule
DNA to RNA to nucleus

Question 25

A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

Answer 25

GENE

Question 26

Most human genes are (size)

Answer 26

1000-3500 long

Question 27

All of the genetic material (total DNA)

Answer 27

Genome

Question 28

human genome is about____ genes

Answer 28

20k to 25k

Question 29

Excision of introns and joining of exons

Answer 29

Splicing

Question 30

A gene segment that codes for genetic information

Answer 30

Exon

Question 31

A DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message

Answer 31

Intron

Question 32

The splicing process is driven by

Answer 32

snRNA

Question 33

A process by which several different proteins variants are produced from a single gene

Answer 33

Alternative splicing

Question 34

All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome

Answer 34

Transcriptome

Question 35

Transcriptome is different from a

Answer 35

Genome

Question 36

Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA

Answer 36

Transcriptome

Question 37

Base sequence of an mRNA molecule

Answer 37

A,C,G and U

Question 38

A three nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acied

Answer 38

Codon

Question 39

Assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific acids

Answer 39

Genetic code

Question 40

3 of the 64 codons are

Answer 40

Termination codons/ stop signals

Question 41

tRNA molecules as intermidiaries deliver amino acids to

Answer 41

MRNA

Question 42

Important features of the tRNA stucture

Answer 42

1. The 3’ end of tRNA is where an amino acid is covalently bonded to the tRNA 2. The loop opposite to the open end of tRNA is the site for a sequence of 3 bases called an anticodon

Question 43

A process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

Answer 43

Translation

Question 44

An rRNA comples serves aa the site of protein synthesis

Answer 44

Ribosome

Question 45

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription Altered info can cause changes in amino acid seq Have profound effect on an organism

Answer 45

Mutation

Question 46

Two common types of mutations

Answer 46

Point mutation Frameshift mutation

Question 47

Mutations are caused by

Answer 47

Mutagens

Question 48

A substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene

Answer 48

Mutagens

Question 49

Two important types of mutagens

Answer 49

Radiation and chemical agents

Question 50

Mutagenic cause cancers

Answer 50

Ultraviolet xray, radioactivity and cosmic radiation

Question 51

HNo2 mutagenic

Answer 51

Convert cytosine to uracil

Question 52

Nitrites nitrates and nitrosamines can form

Answer 52

Nitrous acid in cells

Question 53

Normal conditions mutations are

Answer 53

Repaired by repair enzymes

Question 54

Tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core

Answer 54

Viruses

Question 55

Can not reproduce outside their host cells (living organ

Answer 55

Viruses

Question 56

Invade their host cells to reproduce and in the process disrupt the normal cell’s operation

Answer 56

Viruses

Question 57

Virus invade

Answer 57

Bacteria plants animals and humans

Question 58

Common disease of viral origin

Answer 58

Cold, small pox, rabies, influenza,hepatitis and AIDS

Question 59

Inactive virus or bacterial envelope Antibodies produced against inactive viral or bacterial envelopes will kill the active bacteria and viruses

Answer 59

Vaccines

Question 60

E.coli cells of a specific strain containing the plasmid of interest are treated with chemicals to dissolve their membranes and release the cellular contents

Answer 60

Dissolution of cells

Question 61

The cellular contents are fractioned to obtain plasmids

Answer 61

Isolation of plasmid fraction

Question 62

Restriction enzymes are used to cleave the double stranded DNA

Answer 62

Cleavage of plasmid DNA

Question 63

Using the same restriction enzyme the gene of interest is removed from a chromosome of another organism

Answer 63

Gene removal from another organism

Question 64

Gene-plasmid splicing

Answer 64

The gene from step 4 and the opened plasmid from step 3 are mixed in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together

Question 65

The recombinant DNA prepared in step 5 are transferred to a live E.coli culture where they can be replicated transcribed and translated

Answer 65

Uptake of recombinant DNA

Question 66

Transformed cell can reproduce a large number of identical or

Answer 66

Clones

Question 67

Are the cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNa

Answer 67

Clones

Question 68

Given bacteria grow very fast within few hours

Answer 68

1000s of clones will be produced

Question 69

Each clone can

Answer 69

Synthesize the protein directed by foreign gene it carries

Question 70

A method for rapidly producing copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence

Answer 70

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

Question 71

Allws to produce billions of copies of a specific gene in a few hours

Answer 71

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

Question 72

Any abnormality in the number of chromosomes

Answer 72

Aneuploidy

Question 73

Common aneuploidies

Answer 73

Trisomy 21 Trisomy x Klinefelters syndrome

Question 74

Also known as down syndrome

Answer 74

Trisomy 21

Question 75

Super female syndrome

Answer 75

Trisomy x or triple x

Question 76

Xxy syndrome male extra x chromosome

Answer 76

Klinefelter syndrome