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Pbio Prelims > Nucleic Acids Pt 2 > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Upon DNA replication

A

Large dna molecules interacts with histone proteins to fold long DNA molecules.

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2
Q

Histone DNA complexes are called

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

A chromosome is about

A

15% by mass DNA and 85% by mass protein

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4
Q

Cells of different kinds of organisms have

A

Different numbers of chromosomes

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5
Q

Number of chromosomes in human, mosquto frog, dog and turkey

A

Human 46
Mosquito 6
Frog 26
Dog 78
Turkey 82

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6
Q

Chromosomes occur in

A

Matched (homologus) pairs

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7
Q

46 chromosomes of a human cell constitue

A

23 homologus pairs

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8
Q

It is directly under the direction of DNA

A

Protein synthesis

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9
Q

Proteins are responsible for the formation of

A

Skin,hair,enzymes,hormones

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10
Q

Protein synthesis can be divided into two phases

A

Transcription
Translation

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11
Q

A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of of mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

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12
Q

A process which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

A

Translation

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13
Q

Sugar unit in the backbone of RNA is

A

Ribose

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14
Q

The base thymine found in DNA is replaced by

A

Uracil in RNA

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15
Q

RNA is a ___ while DNA is double stranded

A

Single stranded

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16
Q

RNA molecules are much smaller than DNA molecules ranging

A

From 75 nucleotides to a few thousand of nucleotides

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17
Q

Formed directly by DNA transcription

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

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18
Q

Post transcription processing converts

A

hnRNA to mRNA

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19
Q

Carries instructions for protein synthesis

A

MessengerRNA mRNA

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20
Q

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA

A

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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21
Q

Small nuclear RNA contains

A

100 to 200 nucleotides

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22
Q

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes .physical site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

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23
Q

Delivers amino acids to the sites of protein synthesis
Smallest nucleotide units

A

Transfer RNA tRNA 75-90 nucleotide units

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24
Q

Transcription 2 step process

A

Synthesis of hnRNA and editing to yield mRNA molecule
DNA to RNA to nucleus

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25
Q

A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

A

GENE

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26
Q

Most human genes are (size)

A

1000-3500 long

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27
Q

All of the genetic material (total DNA)

A

Genome

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28
Q

human genome is about____ genes

A

20k to 25k

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29
Q

Excision of introns and joining of exons

A

Splicing

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30
Q

A gene segment that codes for genetic information

A

Exon

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31
Q

A DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message

A

Intron

32
Q

The splicing process is driven by

A

snRNA

33
Q

A process by which several different proteins variants are produced from a single gene

A

Alternative splicing

34
Q

All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome

A

Transcriptome

35
Q

Transcriptome is different from a

A

Genome

36
Q

Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA

A

Transcriptome

37
Q

Base sequence of an mRNA molecule

A

A,C,G and U

38
Q

A three nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acied

A

Codon

39
Q

Assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific acids

A

Genetic code

40
Q

3 of the 64 codons are

A

Termination codons/ stop signals

41
Q

tRNA molecules as intermidiaries deliver amino acids to

A

MRNA

42
Q

Important features of the tRNA stucture

A
  1. The 3’ end of tRNA is where an amino acid is covalently bonded to the tRNA
  2. The loop opposite to the open end of tRNA is the site for a sequence of 3 bases called an anticodon
43
Q

A process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

A

Translation

44
Q

An rRNA comples serves aa the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

45
Q

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication
Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription
Altered info can cause changes in amino acid seq
Have profound effect on an organism

A

Mutation

46
Q

Two common types of mutations

A

Point mutation
Frameshift mutation

47
Q

Mutations are caused by

A

Mutagens

48
Q

A substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene

A

Mutagens

49
Q

Two important types of mutagens

A

Radiation and chemical agents

50
Q

Mutagenic cause cancers

A

Ultraviolet xray, radioactivity and cosmic radiation

51
Q

HNo2 mutagenic

A

Convert cytosine to uracil

52
Q

Nitrites nitrates and nitrosamines can form

A

Nitrous acid in cells

53
Q

Normal conditions mutations are

A

Repaired by repair enzymes

54
Q

Tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core

A

Viruses

55
Q

Can not reproduce outside their host cells (living organ

A

Viruses

56
Q

Invade their host cells to reproduce and in the process disrupt the normal cell’s operation

A

Viruses

57
Q

Virus invade

A

Bacteria plants animals and humans

58
Q

Common disease of viral origin

A

Cold, small pox, rabies, influenza,hepatitis and AIDS

59
Q

Inactive virus or bacterial envelope
Antibodies produced against inactive viral or bacterial envelopes will kill the active bacteria and viruses

A

Vaccines

60
Q

E.coli cells of a specific strain containing the plasmid of interest are treated with chemicals to dissolve their membranes and release the cellular contents

A

Dissolution of cells

61
Q

The cellular contents are fractioned to obtain plasmids

A

Isolation of plasmid fraction

62
Q

Restriction enzymes are used to cleave the double stranded DNA

A

Cleavage of plasmid DNA

63
Q

Using the same restriction enzyme the gene of interest is removed from a chromosome of another organism

A

Gene removal from another organism

64
Q

Gene-plasmid splicing

A

The gene from step 4 and the opened plasmid from step 3 are mixed in the presence of the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together

65
Q

The recombinant DNA prepared in step 5 are transferred to a live E.coli culture where they can be replicated transcribed and translated

A

Uptake of recombinant DNA

66
Q

Transformed cell can reproduce a large number of identical or

A

Clones

67
Q

Are the cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNa

A

Clones

68
Q

Given bacteria grow very fast within few hours

A

1000s of clones will be produced

69
Q

Each clone can

A

Synthesize the protein directed by foreign gene it carries

70
Q

A method for rapidly producing copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence

A

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

71
Q

Allws to produce billions of copies of a specific gene in a few hours

A

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

72
Q

Any abnormality in the number of chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

73
Q

Common aneuploidies

A

Trisomy 21
Trisomy x
Klinefelters syndrome

74
Q

Also known as down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

75
Q

Super female syndrome

A

Trisomy x or triple x

76
Q

Xxy syndrome male extra x chromosome

A

Klinefelter syndrome

Pbio Prelims (11 decks)

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