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WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures > Nucleic acids + protein synthesis > Flashcards

Nucleic acids + protein synthesis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens to the ATP once broken down?

A

-A phosphate group is removed
-30.6kjmol-1 energy is released
-ATP becomes ADP

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2
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

From ADP and phosphate as an endergonic reaction

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3
Q

Which exergonic reaction in cells supplies the energy for synthesis of ATP?

A

Respiration

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4
Q

Why is ATP not a good energy store long term?

A

Due to the instability of its phosphate bonds.

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5
Q

What does the ATP cycle look like?

A

.

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6
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Stores genetic information.

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7
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
-Ribosomes are formed from RNA as well as protein.

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8
Q

Both DNA and RNA are polymers what are their monomer unit called?

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

.

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10
Q

What type of reaction is used to join the nucleotides together?

A

Condensation

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11
Q

What is the only way in which one polynucleotide chain can differ from another?

A

The sequence of bases in the polynucleotide.

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12
Q

What are the components of the DNA nucleotide?

A

-Deoxyribose is the penthouse Duggar
-The nitrogen containing organic base, A-G or C-T
- A phosphate group

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13
Q

What is a polynucleotide chain?

A

A chain of nucleotides joined together

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14
Q

DNA forms a double helix what are the bases in each strand held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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15
Q

What term is used to describe this pairing of bases?

A

Complementary base pairing

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16
Q

What are the nitrogen- containing organic bases called and which are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A

Adenine and guanine=purines
Cytosine and thymine=pyrimidines

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17
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines=double ringed structures
Pyrimidines= single ring structures

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18
Q

What does the structure of ATP look like?

A

.

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19
Q

Why is ATP so useful?

A

-ATP-ADP is a single reaction so immediate energy is available.
-ATP is soluble and easily moved around in cells
-The breakdown of ATP releases a small amount of energy.

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20
Q

Which bases are always paired with each other?

A

Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-Guanine

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21
Q

How are the new DNA nucleotides attached to the old strand?

A

Complementary base pairing

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22
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does guanine and cytosine have?

A

3

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23
Q

What does the exposed strand of DNA act as?

A

A template for the formation of a new strand

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24
Q

What type of reaction dorms bonds between adjacent nucleotides?

A

Condensation reactions

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25
Q

What is the mechanism by which DNA is copied called?

A

Semi-conservative replication

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26
Q

What is RNA made up of?

A

A single stranded polynucleotide made up of RNA nucleotides

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27
Q

What are the components of RNA nucleotides?

A

-A pentose called ribose
-A nitrogenous organic base- adenine, guan one, cytosine, uracil
-A phosphate group.

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28
Q

Draw a RNA nucleotide

A

.

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29
Q

Which base is found in DNA but not found in RNA?

A

Thymine

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30
Q

Is uracil a purine or a pyrimidines base?

A

Pyrimidines

31
Q

What does a different base sequence lead to?

A

-A different amino acid sequence
-causing bonds forming in different places
-so a different tertiary structure in the protein coded fir by that gene.
-If protein is an enzyme, the active site will change shape, the substrate will not fit and fewer ES complexes formed.

32
Q

How is mRNA formed?

A

By transcription of a gene in DNA in the nucleus
It is complementary to the DNA in its base sequence.

33
Q

How is amino acids coded for?

A

A triplet of bases on mRNA called a codon copied from the triplets in DNA

34
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Polypeptide chains

35
Q

How are the 2 DNA strands separated in transcription?

A

DNA helicase

36
Q

When does the RNA polymerase stop transcribing?

A

When it hits a stop sequence

37
Q

What will be the order of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule produces by this section of a strand of DNA?
ACGATTGTGCACGAG

A

UGCUAACACGUGCUC

38
Q

What codon is a start code?

A

Methionine AUG

39
Q

What bond is formed between the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain?

A

Peptide bond

40
Q

How is DNA a strong and stable molecule?

A

-a double helix and many hydrogen bonds
-strong due to the covalent bonds in the sugar phosphate backbone.

41
Q

How does the DNA code for proteins?

A

The code in DNA is a triplet code meaning that three bases code for line amino acid.

42
Q

How does the gene code information?

A

The specific sequence of bases on one strand of DNA controls the sequence of amino acids in proteins (primary structure) that are made by cells ribosomes, and therefore the tertiary structure and function of that protein.

43
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of mRNA translation and protein synthesis

44
Q

Why does mRNA only exist temporarily?

A

As it is unnecessary when the protein is manufactured

45
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

Links to the template strand of DNA, adding nucleotides to the DNA and then top join nucleotides to make RNA polynucleotide

46
Q

Where is the energy supplied from in the formation of ATP?

A

Exergonic reactions

47
Q

What does complementary base pairing allow DNA to do?

A

Replicate itself exactly when cells divide and to copy the same info to mRNA at the beginning of protein synthesis.
-the weka H bonds allow strands to separate in these processes.

48
Q

How does DNA helix case unwind the DNA double helix?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands. This separates the strands.

49
Q

What does the ‘code is linear’ mean?

A

The linear DNA molecule is copied to a linear polypeptide molecule. A change in the DNA at a specific point will cause a change at the same point in the polypeptide chain.

50
Q

What does the ‘code is non-overlapping’ mean?

A

Each base is pat of only 1 triplet code

51
Q

What does ‘the code is unambiguous mean’?

A

A given triplet of bases always codes for the same amino acids, wherever in the chain it appears.

52
Q

What does ‘the code is universal’ mean?

A

A given triplet specifies the same amino acid in all organisms

53
Q

What type of biological molecules are DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic acids (information carrying molecules)

54
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A sequence of 3 bases at the base of the tRNA molecules

55
Q

What is translation?

A

MRNA-protein: occurs on ribosomes, involves the translation of the mRNA message into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide

56
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Breaks the helix.

57
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Makes a polymer- joins nucleotides by forming phosophodiester bonds.

58
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA-mRNA: takes place in the nucleus and involves the formation of RNA which is a complementary sequence of bases to the DNA.
The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome.

59
Q

What is a nucleotides 3 components?

A

-a pentose sugar
-a nitrogen-containing organic base.
-A phosphate group (comprising a phosphate ion)

60
Q

What does the ‘code is degenerate’ mean?

A

This means that most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet.

61
Q

What reaction causes the breakdown of ATP?

A

Hydrolysis (phosphate group is unstable so it is easily broken)

62
Q

How is a nucleotide chain held together?

A

As the phosphate group of each nucleotide is linked to the next sugar of the next by strong covalent bonds (phosphodiester bond)

63
Q

What are formed when nucleotides join together?

A

Polynucleotide strands

64
Q

What does…
RRNA
MRNA
TRNA
Stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA

65
Q

WhAt is transfer RNA?

A

A single strand which folds back on itself. the tRNA molecule form hydrogen bonds within complementary sections of the molecule. these help stabilise the molecule.

66
Q

Why are proteins vital for cells function?

A

As enzymes are proteins, and enzymes control all the chemical processes going on inside cells.

67
Q

How has the code being degenerate arisen?

A

As there is 64 different triplet codes bur only 20 amino acids.

68
Q

Why is mRNA easily broken down in the cytoplasm

A

As it has unpaired bases

69
Q

What is required to start the polypeptide chain

A

ATP which is hydrolysed to provide the required energy.

70
Q

What are the genetic codes 5 important features?

A

-linear
-non-overlapping
-degenerate
-unambiguous
-universal

71
Q

Why must the genetic code of the DNA be transferred to the cytoplasm?

A

As protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes found in the cytoplasm and rough ER

72
Q

What does tRNA carry?

A

A single specific amino acid

73
Q

What does rRNA together with proteins from?

A

Ribosomes

74
Q

Where are the RNA nucleotides found?

A

Nucleoplasm.

WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures (14 decks)

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