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WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures > Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

*Why do veins not need to have thick walls?

A

As there is very low pressure

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2
Q

*What is the vein like in comparison to arteries?

A

Same 3 layers, but the middle coat contains far fewer elastic of smooth muscle fibres.

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3
Q

*What is an advantage of the endothelium being smooth in the artery?

A

To reduce friction between blood and blood vessel wall.

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4
Q

*An advantage of the endothelium being smooth in the artery?

A

Allows them to stretch as the high pressure blood is pumped out of the heart. This makes the artery wider and reduces the pressure.

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5
Q

*What do the semi lunar valves in the veins do?

A

Open to allow blood to flow towards the heart and close to stop it falling back down.

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6
Q

*What is mass flow?

A

the bulk movement of substances from one area to another due to differences in pressure.

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7
Q

*What are some substances transported in the blood?

A

glucose, hormones.

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8
Q

*What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart. they branch off to form smaller vessels called arterioles

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9
Q

*Which artery does blood from the right side go into?

A

pulmonary artery (then to the lungs)

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10
Q

*Which artery does blood from the left side go into?

A

aorta (then to the rest of the body)

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11
Q

*What does blood plasma transport?

A

-CO2 from organs to the lungs
-soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organs.
-urea from the liver to the kidneys

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12
Q

*What is the spleen?

A

A storage organ for leucocytes and antibodies used to fight some pathogens produced here. Also stores erythrocytes and some thrombocytes in case of emergency.

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13
Q

*What are lymph vessels?

A

blind ended and contain valves, no internal pump, so lymph only moves through vessels surrounding skeletal muscle.

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14
Q

*What is lymph fluid?

A

made up of remaining tissue fluid, water, small proteins, some nutrients and lymphocytes.

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15
Q

*What are lymph nodes?

A

Are sac like specialised lymph tissues that collect lymph from several vessels and filter it. contain many leucocytes to help fight any pathogens that try to enter the body.

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16
Q

*What is tissue fluid used for?

A

-essential for the efficient exchange of materials between the blood and the cells.
-The cells of the body are bathed in the tissue fluid, which provides them with water, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients

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17
Q

*Why is the wall of an artery thick?

A

To withstand the high pressure of blood.

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18
Q

*label the diagram of an artery

A

.

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19
Q

*Why do some plasma proteins not leave the capillary along with the fluid?

A

They are too large to fit through the pores in the capillary walls.

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20
Q

*Why is tissue fluid formed?

A

As at the arteriole end, the blood pressure is greater than the water concentration gradient. As a results water and solutes are forced out of the blood through the pores in the capillary walls.

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21
Q

*At the arteriole end of the capillary the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is high. What causes this?

A

The concentration of the left ventricle in the ventricular systole

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22
Q

*What does the high blood pressure force out?

A

water, salts and nutrients.

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23
Q

*What does the soluble plasma proteins in the blood do?

A

They reduce the water concentration of the blood which creates a water concentration gradient.

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24
Q

*How are capillaries suited to their function?

A

-pores in walls to increase permeability
-small size and a large number of capillaries to give a large surface area
-narrow diameter-slows blood flow, so more time for diffusion/exchange.

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25
Q

*Label the capillary

A

.

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26
Q

*What do capillaries exchange?

A

Nutrients and dissolved gases with the tissue fluid which bathes all of the body’s cells.

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27
Q

*What do the capillary walls consist of?

A

A single layer of squamous endothelial cells, providing a short diffusion pathway

28
Q

*What do the tiny pores between the cells in the wall do?

A

Means that capillaries are highly permeable-water and many dissolved substances can be forced out of the capillary, forming tissue fluid.

29
Q

*What is the function of the arterioles?

A

To control blood flow to the capillaries of different organs.

30
Q

*How can the arterioles reduce and increase blood flow?

A

contract/relax muscles to change the diameter of the lumen.

31
Q

*What are the advantages of the arterioles in the skin dilating when we are too hot?

A

Allows blood to flow closer to the surface of the skin for heat to be lost by radiation.

32
Q

*What do capillaries do?

A

branch of from arterioles. form networks of tiny tubes in the tissues where materials are exchanges between the blood and cells.

33
Q

*What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart. Very small veins are called venules.

34
Q

*Why does tissue fluid return at the venule end?

A

As there is a loss of fluid from the body which leads to a fall in blood pressure. At the venule end, the inward osmotic pull now exceeds the outward blood pressure and some of the water re-enters the capillary by osmosis, down a water concentration gradient. tissue fluid is drains away from the heart by lymph vessels.

35
Q

The cardiac muscle is myogenic what does this mean?

A

It’s contractions arise from within the cardiac muscle itself.

36
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node found?

A

right atrium

37
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

It is from here that the initial stimulus for contraction of the heart muscle originates.

38
Q

In ventricular systole why do the AV valves close and the SL valves open?

A

Av close-pressure is higher in ventricles than atria
SL open- Pressure is higher in ventricles than atrium

39
Q

What happens during ventricle systole?

A

-ventricle muscles contract.
-volume of ventricles decreases, increasing pressure
-AV valves close.
-blood is pushed upwards, towards the arteries at the top of the heart
-SL valves open and blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

40
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

-blood fills the atria from the vena cava and pulmonary vein. The atrial muscle contracts, increasing the pressure above that of the ventricles
This forces the atrioventricular valves open and blood flows into the ventricles.

41
Q

Why are the muscular walls of the left ventricle thicker than those of the right?

A

Needs to contract with more force to generate higher pressure to send blood around body rather than just to the lungs.

42
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

deliver oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle.

43
Q

Why does the cardiac muscle need a rich supply of blood?

A

needs good supply of O2 and glucose for high rates of aerobic respiration to produce lots of ATP for heart muscle contraction.

44
Q

Why is it an advantage for the human heart to have 2 separate pumps rather than one?

A

The RHS generates pressure to send blood through the lungs where pressure drops. When it is returned to the LHS of the heart it generates more pressure so the blood can travel around the body at a fast enough rate to generate high metabolic rate.

45
Q

What is meant by oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

O-high in O2 conc, low in CO2 conc
D-Low in O2 conc, high in CO2 conc

46
Q

Label the heart

A

.

47
Q

What are platelets (thrombocytes) role in the body?

A

blood clotting-circulate in the blood and if they encounter a wound they activate and stick together and trigger the formation of a clot, to stop the bleeding. No nucleus

48
Q

What are white blood cells (leucocytes) role in the body?

A

Involved in defending the body against foreign invader e.g bacteria, viruses or other pathogens.

49
Q

Why are antigens important molecules?

A

Allows your immune system to identify whether a cell is part of your body or an invader to destroy.

50
Q

function of red blood cells?

A

contains haemoglobin, which loads oxygen in the lungs, transports it around the body and unloads it at respiring tissues. No nucleus

51
Q

Why do red blood cells not live very long?

A

membranes become more and more fragile until they are destroyed, often in the
spleen.

52
Q

What do WBC do?

A

for part of the body’s defence against microorganisms. Has a nucleus.

53
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue that consist of a fluid called plasma in which RBC, WBC and platelets are suspended.

54
Q

What are RBC, WBC and platelets called?

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
thrombocytes

55
Q

What are 2 main types of WBC?

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes.

56
Q

Structure of erythrocytes

A

very small
shaped like a biconcave disc
no organelles

57
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid, bicuspid and semi lunar valves?

A

-prevents backflow of blood
-Bi and Tri prevent backflow from V to A
-Semi lunar prevent backflow from arterioles to ventricles.

58
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

The heart relaxes during which time the atria fills with blood form the vena cava and pulmonary veins.

59
Q

During diastole why are the semi lunar valves closed?

A

Pressure in the artery is higher than in the ventricles

60
Q

What is once complete sequence of contraction and relaxation called?

A

cardiac cycle

61
Q

What is the contraction of the atrial muscle and ventricular muscle called?

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole

62
Q

What is relaxation of the heart muscle known as?

A

diastole

63
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

The right side of the heart sends deoxygenated blood from the body along the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

64
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

Pump on the left side, sends oxygenated blood from lungs along the aorta to the rest of the body.

65
Q

What is a summary of the electrical control of heart contractions

A

.

WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures (14 decks)

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