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WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures > Carbohydrates and proteins > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and proteins Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you make maltose?

A

Alpha glucose+alpha glucose

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2
Q

How do you make sucrose?

A

Alpha glucose+fructose

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3
Q

Examples of hexose sugars and the formula

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose
C6H12O6

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4
Q

What is glucose?

A

Glucose is the product of photosynthesis and a major substrate of respiration
-a hexose sugar
-a monosaccharide
-C6H12O6

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5
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

On carbon -1 the hydroxyl (-OH) group points upwards/above ring in beta glucose, it points downwards in alpha glucose.

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6
Q

What does denature mean?

A

when the structure is misshaped due to high temp or PH so can’t carry out it’s function. Bonds break and the tertiary structure changes shape and no longer functions.

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7
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?.

A

When 2 monosaccharides join together a molecule of water is formed and a glycosidic bond is formed

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8
Q

What is the difference between a condensation and hydrolysis reaction?

A

Condensation reactions produce water and involve making bonds, hydrolysis reactions require water and break bonds.

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9
Q

What is maltose?

A

Maltose is a disaccharide formed by two condensation of two alpha glucose.
-glycosidic bond
-alpha 1-4
-C12H22O11

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10
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction with a glycosidic bond.

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11
Q

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

A

Cn(H2O)n

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12
Q

Draw the structural formula of alpha glucose

A

.

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13
Q

Draw the structural formula of beta glucose

A

.

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14
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides are linked together?

A

They make a disaccharide

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15
Q

What is the word and symbol equation of maltose?

A

Alpha glucose+ Alpha glucose= maltose+water
C6H12O6+C6H12O6=C12H22O11+H2O

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16
Q

What is a protein?

A

Proteins are polymers made up on one or more chains of amino acid monomers known as polypeptides.

17
Q

What is the secondary structure in the protein structure?

A

This is the folding of the polypeptide chain. As polypeptide chains form they fold allowing formation of many weak hydrogen bonds producing particular secondary structures e.g alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.

18
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Further folding. the structure is stabilised by ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds. And it is the specific shape of the tertiary structure of the protein that determines it’s function.

19
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

This is found in proteins made up of more than one polypeptide chain e.g.haemoglobin.

20
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond formed between the amino acids

21
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

When two amino acids join together
-join by condensation reaction and held together with a peptide bond.

22
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction
-property of an enzyme
-lowers activation energy.

23
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monosaccharides are the basic molecular units of monomers, of which other carbohydrates are composed- sweet and soluble, Cn(H2))n e.g. glucose.

24
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose and fructose
-e.g. table sugar.
-C12H22O11
- alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.

25
Q

What is the primary structure in a protein?

A

this is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

26
Q

Draw out the condensation reaction which produces maltose from two glucose molecule. Use the structural formula of glucose.

A

.

27
Q

Draw the formation of a dipeptide

A

.

28
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is made from alpha glucose and are used for energy stores.
-glycolic bonds
-alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

29
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

The important polysaccharides: starch, cellulose and glycogen are chains of many monomers of either alpha or beta glucose. Formed by condensation reaction and create a glycosidic bond.

30
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A chain of monomers that make up a polypeptide chain.

31
Q

How do you make lactose?

A

Glucose+glalactose

32
Q

What is lactose?

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose and galactose
-Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond.
-C12H22O11

33
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Polymers. A polymer is made of many monomers joined together.

34
Q

Draw the general structure of an amino acid.

A

.

35
Q

What is a disulphide bond?

A

Covalent bonds between sulphur-containing amino acids
-strong bonds
-formed in the tertiary structure.

36
Q

What does globular mean?

A

This is a shape of proteins such as enzymes and haemoglobin and it carries out metabolic functions.

37
Q

What does fibrous mean?

A

The shape of proteins that form long chains running parallel to each other with cross bridges between chains.

WJEC Medical Science-UNIT 6 COPY fixed pictures (14 decks)

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