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AS Biology > Nucleic Acids, ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions (SR) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids, ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions (SR) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two examples of polynucleotides?

A

1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

2) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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2
Q

What does a Nucleotide consist of?

A

Phosphate Group
Pentose Sugar (Ribose for RNA, Deoxyribose for DNA)
Organic/Nitrogenous Base

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3
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

1) DNA has two anti-parallel strands, RNA has one strand
2) DNA is very long, RNA is short
3) DNA has Deoxyribose, RNA has Ribose sugar
4) DNA - Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine. RNA - All same but Uracil instead of Thymine
5) DNA Stores Genetic Info, RNA Transfers Genetic Info and forms Ribosomes w/proteins

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4
Q

What are Polynucleotides?

A

Polymers made up of many nucleotide monomers
Joined together by series of Condensation Reactions
Forming Phosphodiester Bonds

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5
Q

What type of Bond holds together strands of DNA (between Complementary bases) and how many?

A

Hydrogen Bonds
2 between A & T
3 between C & G

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6
Q

What is Semi-Conservative Replication?

A

Method in which DNA is replicated

Creating 2 molecules of DNA that consist of one original DNA and one new strand

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7
Q

What occurs in Semi-Conservative Replication?

A

1) DNA Helicase breaks H-Bonds b/w the 2 strands
2) Free Nucleotides complementary base pair to the exposed strand
3) DNA Polymerase catalyses condensation reactions to join adjacent nucleotides, forming Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

What is the structure of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

1) 3 Phosphate Groups
2) Ribose Sugar
3) Adenine

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9
Q

What happens when Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is converted into Adenosine Disphophate (ADP)?

A

Hydrolysis Reaction
ATP Hydrolase
Releases Energy

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10
Q

What happens when Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is converted into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Condensation Reaction
ATP Synthase
Requires Energy

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11
Q

When does Condensation of ADP occur?

A

During Respiration and Photosynthesis

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12
Q

When can Hydrolysis of ATP do?

A

Can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions and used to Phosphorylate Compounds

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13
Q

What are Inorganic Ions?

A

Atoms or molecules with an electric charge, containing NO Carbon

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14
Q

What are Cations?

A

Positively Charged Ions

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15
Q

What are Anions?

A

Negatively Charged Ions

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16
Q

Where do Inorganic Ions occur?

A

In solution in the Cytoplasm and Body Fluids of Organisms

Some in high concs. and others in very low concs.

17
Q

What role do Hydrogen Ions have?

A

Determine pH of bodily fluids

Higher the conc., lower the pH

18
Q

What role do Iron ions have?

A

Essential component of prosthetic group of Haemoglobin and bind to Oxygen

19
Q

What role do Sodium ions have?

A

Used in co-transport of Glucose and Amino Acids

Across Cell Membranes

20
Q

What role do Phosphate ions have?

A

Essential component of DNA, RNA & ATP

21
Q

What do Water molecules consist of?

A

2 Hydrogen Molecules

Covalently bonded to an Oxygen molecule

22
Q

Why are water molecules slightly polar?

A

Oxygen nucleus pulls shared electrons away from hydrogen nuclei
Giving Oxygen nuclei 𝛿- charge, and Hydrogen Nuclei 𝛿+ charge

23
Q

What does the polarity of water cause?

A

Causes attraction between water molecules

Force of attraction is called a H-Bond (Hydrogen Bond)

24
Q

How is Liquid Medium a useful property of Water? (1/9)

A

Provides habitats for aquatic organisms
Medium for chemical reactions
Used for Transport

25
Q

How is water being an Important Metabolite useful? (2/9)

A

Used in Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions

26
Q

How is water having a High Specific Heat Capacity useful? (3/9)

A

Keeps Aquatic and Cellular environments stable

27
Q

How is water having a high latent heat of vaporisation useful? (4/9)

A

Evaporation has cooling effect on organisms

28
Q

How is cohesion of molecules useful for water? (5/9)

A

Water is drawn up the Xylem

29
Q

How is water having surface tension useful? (6/9)

A

Allows pond-skaters (and Jesus) to walk on the surface

30
Q

How is water being a good solvent and transport medium useful? (7/9)

A

Dissolves ionic and polar molecules

Allowing them to be easily transported

31
Q

How is water being a good reaction medium useful? (8/9)

A

Cytoplasm in cells is an aqueous solution

Where many chemical reactions occur

32
Q

How is water being Incompressible useful? (9/9)

A

Can prevent plants from wilting

Act as a hydrostatic skeleton for invertebrates

AS Biology (10 decks)

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