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AS Biology > Cell Transport and Immunity (SR) > Flashcards

Cell Transport and Immunity (SR) Flashcards

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1
Q

What can Cell Membranes act as?

A

Act as Barriers

Can Control what enters and exits cells and organelles

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2
Q

What is the Cell Membrane composed of?

A 
Phospholipids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
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3
Q

What properties does Cholesterol have? What purpose does this have?

A

1) A Hydrophilic End and a Hydrophobic End
2) Regulates membrane fluidity
By intercalating b/w the Phospholipids

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4
Q

What does Passive Transport involve?

A

Exchange of substances without requiring metabolic energy from the cell

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5
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. (down conc. gradient)

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6
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

1) Net movement of particles down conc. gradient
2) Across Partially permeable cell membrane
3) Via Carrier or Channel Proteins

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7
Q

What is Water Potential?

A

Measure of tendency of water molecules to move from one area to another and,
Describes pressure created by these water molecules
More dilute the solution, the higher the water potential (ψ)

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8
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

1) Net movement of Water
2) From an are of High Water Potential to an area of Low Water Potential
3) Across Partially Permeable Membrane

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9
Q

How can the rate of Diffusion be increased?

A

1) By increasing # of channel & carrier proteins
2) Increasing Surface Area of Cell Membrane
3) Reducing Diffusion Distance
4) Creating Steeper Conc. Gradient

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10
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of particles from an area of low conc. to an area of high conc. (against conc. gradient)
Across a cell membrane, using ATP and carrier proteins

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11
Q

What is Co-Transport?

A

Occurs when transport of one substance is linked to another substance across a membrane
e.g. Glucose and Sodium in the Ileum

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12
Q

What are Antigens?

A

Any part of an organism/substance
Which is recognised as foreign by the Immune System &
Triggers an Immune Response

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13
Q

What is the function of Phagocytes (Macrophages and Neutrophils)? (IS1/IS3)

A

Engulfs and digests pathogens by fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes
(Phagocytosis/Endocytosis)

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14
Q

What is the function of T Cells (T-Helper Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells and T memory Cells)? (IS2/IS3)

A

1) T-helpers stimulate B cells to divide and secrete antibodies
2) Cytotoxic T cells kill abnormal and infected body cells via Perforin
3) T memory cells remain in the blood for yrs and provide long term protection

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15
Q

What is the function of B Cells (Plasma cell and B Memory Cell)? (IS3/IS3)

A

1) Plasma Cells secrete Antibodies

2) B memory cells remain in blood for yrs and provide long term protection

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16
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

Proteins produced by Lymphocytes

In Response to presence of corresponding antigen

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17
Q

How do Antibodies Agglutinate/cause Agglutination?

A

Antibodies Agglutinate pathogens
By forming antigen-antibody complexes
Leading to phagocytosis and neutralise toxins

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18
Q

What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?

A

1) Antigen from pathogen displayed on cell surface of body cells or phagocytes after phagocytosis
2) T Cells with correct specific receptor binds with antigen and activated
3) T Cells divide by mitosis (Clonal Expansion) and differentiate into T Helper, Cytotoxic and memory cells

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19
Q

What is Humoral Immunity best at fighting?

A

Best at fighting pathogens which are free in bodily fluids

20
Q

What happens in Humoral Immunity?

A

1) Free antigen binds to complementary B cell receptor, activating the B cell (Clonal Selection)
2) Pathogen is endocytose, and antigen presented on plasma membrane
3) T Helper Cell binds to presented antigen and stimulates B Cell to divide by Mitosis (Clonal Expansion)
4) B Cell differentiates into Plasma and Memory Cells

21
Q

What is the Primary Immune Response?

A

When a pathogen infects the body for the 1st time

Initial Immune Response is slow

22
Q

What is the Secondary Immune Response?

A

More rapid and vigorous caused by a second or subsequent infection by same pathogens
Due to presence of Memory Cells

23
Q

What is Vaccination?

A

The Introduction into the body of a vaccine containing disease antigens, by injection or mouth, in order to induce Artificial Immunity

24
Q

How do Vaccines Work?

A

Work by Injecting Weakened/Dead pathogens into body
To stimulate an Immune Response, to form memory cells against specific antigen, which destroy pathogen quickly upon infection

25
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

When a significant proportion of a population (approx. 93-95%) is vaccinated
Protecting those who aren’t or cannot be vaccinated, e.g. Cancer Patients

26
Q

What is a problem with Immunisations/Vaccines?

A

Pathogen may mutate so that its antigens change suddenly (Antigenic Variability)
Vaccine is now ineffective to the new Antigens

27
Q

What are the Ethical Considerations of Vaccinations?

A 
Side Effects
Financial Cost
Right to Choose
Animal Testing of Vaccines
Human Trials
28
Q

What is Active Immunity?

A

Immunity that occurs when specific antibodies are produced by the Individual’s own Immune System

29
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Immunity that occurs when specific antibodies are introduced to the individual from an outside source

30
Q

Name an Example of Natural Active Immunity (Im1/Im4)

A

Direct Contact with Pathogen

31
Q

Name an Example of Natural Passive Immunity (Im2/Im4)

A

Antibodies through Breastmilk

32
Q

Name an Example of Artificial Active Immunity (Im3/Im4)

A

Vaccination

33
Q

Name an Example of Artificial Passive Immunity (Im4/Im4)

A

Injection of Antibodies

34
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A Retrovirus

35
Q

Where does HIV Replicate?

A

Replicates in T Helper Cells

36
Q

How does HIV Replicate?

A

1) Viral Glycoprotein binds to CD4 receptor on T helper cell
2) Protein Capsid containing Viral RNA and Reverse Transcriptase enters cell
3) Reverse Transcriptase converts Viral RNA into DNA and this joins host cells DNA in Nucleus using DNA/Retroviral Integrase
4) Host Cell Transcribes DNA and Produces more HIV RNA that move into the Cytoplasm and take part of Plasma Membrane for Lipid Envelope

37
Q

What are Physical Barriers to Infection?

A

1) Skin - tough physical barrier made of Keritin
2) Stomach Acid (Hydrochloric Acid) - kills bacteria
3) Gut and Skin Flora - Natural bacteria flora that competes with invading pathogens for food and space

38
Q

What are Non-Specific Immune Responses?

A

1) Inflammation
2) Lysozyme Action
3) Interferon
4) Phagocytosis

39
Q

How does Inflammation act as a Non-Specific Immune Response?

A

Histamines released by damaged white tissues
Cause Vasodilation increasing blood flow to infected area
Also increases permeability of blood vessels
As a result, antibodies, WBCs and Plasma leak out into infected tissue and destroy pathogen

40
Q

How does Lysozyme Action act as a Non-Specific Immune Response?

A

Lysozyme are enzymes found in secretions such as tears and mucus
Which kill bacterial cells by damaging their cell wall

41
Q

How do Interferons act as a Non-Specific Immune Response?

A

Interferons prevent Viruses spreading to uninfected cells

By stopping Protein Synthesis in Viruses

42
Q

How does Phagocytosis act as a Non-Specific Immune Response?

A

White Blood Cells (WBCs) engulf pathogens
Destroying them
Done by fusing to a pathogen and enclosing around them
In a phagocytic vacuole with a Lysosome

43
Q

What can Monoclonal Antibodies be used for?

A

1) To attach drugs in order to ensure delivery to specific type of cell, e.g. Cytotoxic Drug (Chemo/Immuno) to a cancer cell
2) Disease Diagnosis can be tested for the presence of specific pathogen antibodies in the blood
3) Can be used for Pregnancy Testing
4) ELISA Test

44
Q

How does ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test for HIV using Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

1) Monoclonal Antibodies bound to surface of a well
2) Attach to antigen present in a sample
3) Allowing attachment of a detection Antibody
4) An enzyme attached to detection antibody digests a substrate, which is added, causing a colour change
5) Colour Intensity corresponds with amount of Antigen present in the sample

45
Q

What are the Ethical Considerations/Implications of Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

Treatment may cause Death (risky)
Use of Animals for Production may cause harm
Human Trials

AS Biology (10 decks)

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