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AS Biology > Genetic Information, Protein Synthesis, Classification & Biodiversity (SR) > Flashcards

Genetic Information, Protein Synthesis, Classification & Biodiversity (SR) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA?

A

Prok DNA molecules are short, circular and not associated with proteins
Eukaryotic DNA found in nucleus. DNA very long, linear. DNA and associated proteins form a chromosome

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2
Q

What else contains DNA in Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

DNA similar to Proks as is short, circular and not associated with protein

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3
Q

What is the Genome?

A

Full set of DNA found in an organism

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4
Q

What is the Proteome?

A

Full range of Proteins that is or can be synthesised from the Genome

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for polypeptides and functional RNA
Located at a fixed locus on a DNA molecule

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6
Q

What is a codon?

A

Sequence of 3 DNA bases

Codes for a specific amino acid

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7
Q

What features does the genetic code have?

A

Universal
Non-overlapping
Degenerate (e.g. alterations in codon can still code for same Amino Acid)

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8
Q

What is the term for sections of non-coding DNA in Eukaryotes?

A

Introns

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9
Q

What is the term for sections of DNA that codes for polypeptides in Eukaryotes?

A

Exons

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10
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

Variety of Organisms in an area.

Can be considered on a local or global scale

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11
Q

What is Species Richness?

A

A Measure of the number of different species in a community

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12
Q

What is an Index of Diversity?

A

Measure of Biodiversity, taking into account species richness and number of individuals in each species

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13
Q

What is the equation for Index of Diversity?

A

Index of Diversity = (N(N-1)) ÷ (Σn(n-1))
N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of each species

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14
Q

How can Farming Techniques reduce biodiversity?

A

Monoculture (growing one type/species of plant), Use of Herbicides & Pesticides, Hedgerow removal and Woodland Clearance

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15
Q

How can Conservationists protect Biodiversity?

A

Using methods such as: Giving endangered species legal protection
Creating Protected Areas and,
The Environmental Stewardship Scheme

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16
Q

What is required between conservation and agri?

A

A balance of them both

17
Q

How can Genetic Diversity within or between species be compared?

A 
By looking at:
Frequency of measurable/observable characteristics
Base Sequence of DNA
Base Sequence of mRNA
Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins
18
Q

What is Variation caused by?

A

Genetic and Environmental Factors

19
Q

How can Variation be measured quantitatively within a species within a species?

A

1) Collecting Random Sample (to reduce bias)
2) Calculating a Mean value and the Standard Deviation of the data collected
3) Interpreting mean values and their standard deviations

20
Q

What does varying Means show when measuring Variation?

A

Shows Variation between populations

21
Q

What does a Large Standard Deviations indicate when measuring Variation?

A

Indicates a Large Amount of Variation within a Population

22
Q

How can Genetic Variations arise?

A

Due to Mutation

23
Q

What are Gene Mutations?

A

Changes to the base sequence of the base sequence or quantity of DNA within a Gene or Section of DNA

24
Q

What are the three types (for AS) of Gene Mutation?

A

1) Substitution – Nucleotide changed to different nucleotide
2) Insertion – Addition of one or more nucleotides
3) Deletion – Removal of one or more nucleotides

25
Q

What are Mutagenic Agents?

A

Physical or Chemical Agent that can alter the DAN or increase Rate of Gene Mutation

26
Q

What are Chromosome Mutations?

A

Changes to the structure or number of whole Chromosomes.

E.g. failure of Chromosomes to separate in Meiosis (non-disjunction)

27
Q

What else is a cause of Genetic Variation?

A

Meiosis:

Produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically different from each other

28
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1?

A

Homologous Chromosomes are separated from each one

One Chromatid from each pair of Chromosomes go into one of the daughter cells

29
Q

What occurs in Meiosis 2?

A

Sister Chromatids from each Chromosome are separated to form two more daughter cells

30
Q

How does Variation occur during Meiosis?

A

Results from Independent Assortment of Chromosomes and Crossing over in Meiosis 1.
Random Fertilisation of Haploid Gametes as well

31
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

32
Q

What is Genetic Diversity?

A

Number of different alleles of genes in a population

33
Q

What can Genetic Diversity enable?

A

Enables Natural Selection to Occur

34
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Mechanism of Evolution by which individuals better adapted to environment tend to survive and reproduce successfully and pass on their alleles

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