Genetic Information, Protein Synthesis, Classification & Biodiversity (SR)

Question 1

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA?

Answer 1

Prok DNA molecules are short, circular and not associated with proteins
Eukaryotic DNA found in nucleus. DNA very long, linear. DNA and associated proteins form a chromosome

Question 2

What else contains DNA in Eukaryotic Cells?

Answer 2

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

DNA similar to Proks as is short, circular and not associated with protein

Question 3

What is the Genome?

Answer 3

Full set of DNA found in an organism

Question 4

What is the Proteome?

Answer 4

Full range of Proteins that is or can be synthesised from the Genome

Question 5

What is a gene?

Answer 5

Section of DNA that codes for polypeptides and functional RNA
Located at a fixed locus on a DNA molecule

Question 6

What is a codon?

Answer 6

Sequence of 3 DNA bases

Codes for a specific amino acid

Question 7

What features does the genetic code have?

Answer 7

Universal
Non-overlapping
Degenerate (e.g. alterations in codon can still code for same Amino Acid)

Question 8

What is the term for sections of non-coding DNA in Eukaryotes?

Answer 8

Introns

Question 9

What is the term for sections of DNA that codes for polypeptides in Eukaryotes?

Answer 9

Exons

Question 10

What is Biodiversity?

Answer 10

Variety of Organisms in an area.

Can be considered on a local or global scale

Question 11

What is Species Richness?

Answer 11

A Measure of the number of different species in a community

Question 12

What is an Index of Diversity?

Answer 12

Measure of Biodiversity, taking into account species richness and number of individuals in each species

Question 13

What is the equation for Index of Diversity?

Answer 13

Index of Diversity = (N(N-1)) ÷ (Σn(n-1))
N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of each species

Question 14

How can Farming Techniques reduce biodiversity?

Answer 14

Monoculture (growing one type/species of plant), Use of Herbicides & Pesticides, Hedgerow removal and Woodland Clearance

Question 15

How can Conservationists protect Biodiversity?

Answer 15

Using methods such as: Giving endangered species legal protection
Creating Protected Areas and,
The Environmental Stewardship Scheme

Question 16

What is required between conservation and agri?

Answer 16

A balance of them both

Question 17

How can Genetic Diversity within or between species be compared?

Answer 17

By looking at:
Frequency of measurable/observable characteristics
Base Sequence of DNA
Base Sequence of mRNA
Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins

Question 18

What is Variation caused by?

Answer 18

Genetic and Environmental Factors

Question 19

How can Variation be measured quantitatively within a species within a species?

Answer 19

1) Collecting Random Sample (to reduce bias)
2) Calculating a Mean value and the Standard Deviation of the data collected
3) Interpreting mean values and their standard deviations

Question 20

What does varying Means show when measuring Variation?

Answer 20

Shows Variation between populations

Question 21

What does a Large Standard Deviations indicate when measuring Variation?

Answer 21

Indicates a Large Amount of Variation within a Population

Question 22

How can Genetic Variations arise?

Answer 22

Due to Mutation

Question 23

What are Gene Mutations?

Answer 23

Changes to the base sequence of the base sequence or quantity of DNA within a Gene or Section of DNA

Question 24

What are the three types (for AS) of Gene Mutation?

Answer 24

1) Substitution – Nucleotide changed to different nucleotide
2) Insertion – Addition of one or more nucleotides
3) Deletion – Removal of one or more nucleotides

Question 25

What are Mutagenic Agents?

Answer 25

Physical or Chemical Agent that can alter the DAN or increase Rate of Gene Mutation

Question 26

What are Chromosome Mutations?

Answer 26

Changes to the structure or number of whole Chromosomes.

E.g. failure of Chromosomes to separate in Meiosis (non-disjunction)

Question 27

What else is a cause of Genetic Variation?

Answer 27

Meiosis:

Produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically different from each other

Question 28

What happens in Meiosis 1?

Answer 28

Homologous Chromosomes are separated from each one

One Chromatid from each pair of Chromosomes go into one of the daughter cells

Question 29

What occurs in Meiosis 2?

Answer 29

Sister Chromatids from each Chromosome are separated to form two more daughter cells

Question 30

How does Variation occur during Meiosis?

Answer 30

Results from Independent Assortment of Chromosomes and Crossing over in Meiosis 1.
Random Fertilisation of Haploid Gametes as well

Question 31

What are Alleles?

Answer 31

Different forms of the same gene

Question 32

What is Genetic Diversity?

Answer 32

Number of different alleles of genes in a population

Question 33

What can Genetic Diversity enable?

Answer 33

Enables Natural Selection to Occur

Question 34

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 34

Mechanism of Evolution by which individuals better adapted to environment tend to survive and reproduce successfully and pass on their alleles