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AS Biology > Gas Exchange, Digestion & Mass Transport (SR) > Flashcards

Gas Exchange, Digestion & Mass Transport (SR) Flashcards

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1
Q

How can single celled organisms exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide?

A

Directly through Plasma Membrane via Diffusion

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2
Q

How do Insects exchange gas?

A

In their Tracheal system:

1) Air enters via spiracles
2) Travels through trachea and tracheoles
3) Delivering Oxygen directly to every tissue

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3
Q

How does gas exchange occur in fish?

A

Via Gills:

1) Orientation of Gill filaments and Lamellae ensures water flowing over them moves in opposite direction to flow of blood through capillaries (counter-current system)
2) Maintaining a diffusion gradient

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4
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in Dicotyledonous plants? How does it occur?

A

1) Occurs in the leaves
2) Stomata open to allow gases to diffuse in and out
Mesophyll cells have large SA for rapid diffusion

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5
Q

What can gas exchange lead to and how is this controlled?

A

1) Gas Exchange can lead to water loss

2) Plants control opening of Stomata to limit this

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6
Q

How do Xerophytes control water loss?

A 
Additional Adaptations, such as:
Hairs
Waxy Cuticle
Small Leaves
Sunken Stomata
Rolled Leaves
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7
Q

How can Insects control water loss?

A

By controlling the opening and closing of Spiracles
Having Hair around Spiracles and by
Having a Waterproof, Waxy Cuticle

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8
Q

Where does Gas Exchange occur in Humans?

A

In the lungs

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9
Q

How is the Alveolar Epithelium adapted to gas exchange?

A

Having a large Surface Area
Good Blood Supply
Thin Walls & Elastic Fibres which help recoil

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10
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

The process of breathing in (inspiration) and breathing out (expiration)

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11
Q

What occurs in Inspiration?

A

External Intercostal Muscles (ICM) contract (Internal ICM relax)
Rib Cage moves up & out
Diaphragm contracts
Volume of Thorax increases
Atmospheric Pressure > pulmonary pressure - forcing air into the lungs

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12
Q

What occurs in Expiration?

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles (ICM) contract (external ICM relax)
Ribs move down and inwards
Diaphragm relaxes
Volume of Thorax Decreases
Pulmonary Pressure > Atmospheric Pressure - forcing air out of the lungs

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13
Q

What is the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate?

A

Total volume of air moved into the lungs in a minute

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14
Q

What is the Tidal Volume?

A

Volume of Air moved in and out of the lungs with a normal breath

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15
Q

What is the Breathing Rate?

A

Number of Breaths per minute

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16
Q

What is the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate Equation?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation Rate (dm3 min-1) = Tidal Volume (dm3) x Breathing Rate (min-1)

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17
Q

How does increasing the size of an organism affect the Surface Area : Volume Ratio (SA:V)?

A

Greater the size of an organism, the smaller its SA:V

Larger organisms ∴ require specialised exchange surfaces and transport mechanisms to meet metabolic requirements

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18
Q

What do Specialised Exchange Surfaces have?

A

1) A Large Surface Area
2) Thin Barriers
3) Associated Transport Systems to maintain steep diffusion gradient

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19
Q

Why do Organisms with a higher metabolic rate require a specialised exchange surface?

A

Because they require more nutrients and produce more waste than Organisms with a lower metabolic rate

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20
Q

What do Red Blood Cells (RBCs) have to transport Oxygen?

A

The Protein Haemoglobin (Hb)

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21
Q

What is Haemoglobin (Hb) made up of?

A

Made up of 4 Polypeptide chains, each containing a prosthetic Haem group.
Each Haem group binds to one Oxygen molecule

22
Q

What does the binding of the 1st Oxygen molecule cause?

A

Causes a conformational change in the Haemoglobin (Hb)

Making the Haem groups more accessible to Oxygen

23
Q

What is the Bohr Affect?

A

Haemoglobin’s (Hb) oxygen binding affinity is inversely related to the concentration of Carbon Dioxide
Causing the Oxygen Dissociation Curve to shift

24
Q

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Sequence of events that occur within one full beat of the heart

25
Q

What do Arteries and Arterioles do?

A

Transport blood away from the Heart

26
Q

What do Veins and Venules do?

A

Transport Blood back to the Heart

27
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels which are the area of Metabolic Substance Exchange

28
Q

How is Tissue Fluid Formed?

A

Arteriole: Hydrostatic Pressure > Water Potential
Water and solutes leave plasma from capillary
Venule: Hydrostatic Pressure < Water Potential
Water and solutes re-enter plasma in capillary if protein present
Remaining fluid returns to Circulation via the Lymphatic System

29
Q

What occurs during Digestion?

A

Large Biological Molecules are Hydrolysed to smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes

30
Q

What Digestion Enzymes are found in Mammals?

A

Amylase
Membrane-bound Disaccharidases (Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase)
Lipase
Endopeptidases (Pepsin, Trypsin & Chymotrypsin)
Exopeptidases
Membrane-bound Dipeptidases

31
Q

What does Amylase hydrolyse and what does it form?

E1/E8

A

1) Starch

2) Maltose

32
Q

What does Maltase hydrolyse and what does it form? (E2/E8)

A

1) Maltose

2) α-glucose molecules

33
Q

What does Sucrase hydrolyse and what does it form? (E3/E8)

A

1) Sucrose

2) Glucose and Fructose

34
Q

What does Lactase hydrolyse and what does it form? (E4/E8)

A

1) Lactose

2) Glucose and Galactose

35
Q

What does Lipase hydrolyse and what does it form? (E5/E8)

A

1) Lipids

2) Monoglyceride & Fatty Acids

36
Q

What do Endopeptidases (Pepsin, Trypsin & Chymotrypsin) hydrolyse and what does it form? (E6/E8)

A

1) Peptide Bonds in middle region of Proteins

2) Several polypeptide chains

37
Q

What do Exopeptidases hydrolyse and what does it form? (E7/E8)

A

1) Peptide Bonds on Terminal Amino Acids

2) Release Single Amino Acids and Dipeptides

38
Q

What do Membrane-bound Dipeptidases hydrolyse and what does it form?

A

1) Dipeptides

2) Single Amino Acids

39
Q

What is the name of the final section of the Small Intestine where both hydrolysis and absorption occur?

A

Ileum

40
Q

What do Bile salts do?

A

Emulsify lipids to increase surface area, for greater access to lipases

41
Q

What are the products of Lipase Digestion?

A

Micelles
Remain in association with bile salts to form structures
Micelles travel to Ileum where they are broken down upon contact with the surface of Ileum epithelial cells

42
Q

What do Micelles release when they are broken down?

A

Releases Non-polar Monoglyceride and Fatty Acids

These diffuse straight into the epithelial cell

43
Q

How are Amino Acids and Carbohydrates absorbed?

A

Absorbed via Co-Transport with Sodium

44
Q

What is used to transport water and mineral ions in plants against gravity?

A

Xylem vessels

45
Q

How does water move up the Xylem?

A

Cohesion-Tension Theory:

1) Water evaporates from leaves (Transpiration) creating tension
2) Cohesive nature of water moves whole column up the Xylem

46
Q

What is the Rate of Transpiration affected by?

A

1) Light
2) Temperature
3) Humidity
4) Wind

47
Q

By what process does the Phloem transport Assimilates from sources to sinks?

A

Via Translocation

48
Q

What occurs during Translocation?

A

1) Sucrose Actively Transported into companion cells and moves via diffusion into the sieve tube followed by water
Assimilates move from area of high to low pressure (mass flow)
2) At the sink, the solutes are removed, water leaving by Osmosis

49
Q

How can Scientists track the movement of sugars through the Phloem?

A

Radioactive Isotopes are used in Tracer experiments

50
Q

What is Ringing?

A

Removal of the bark and Phloem

Theoretically prevents Translocation to the sinks below the Ring

AS Biology (10 decks)

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