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AS Biology > Cell Structure and Replication (SR) > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Replication (SR) Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Eukaryotes include?

A

Animal, Plant and Fungal Cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the Cell Surface Membrane? (A1/A8)

A

1) Controls entry of substance into the cell

2) Site of cell communication via receptors

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell Nucleus? (A2/A8)

A

1) Stores DNA

2) Nuclear Pores allow mRNA & ribosomes to pass through

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4
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria? (A3/A8)

A

Carry out Aerobic Respiration to produce ATP

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5
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes in cells? (A4/A8)

A

Contains digestive enzymes

To break down pathogens, old organelles, cells and food

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6
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes in cells? (A5/A8)

A

Site of Protein Synthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)? (A6/A8)

A

Provide a large surface area

For Protein Synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)? (A7/A8)

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? (A8/A8)

A

1) Modifies proteins

2) Sort, package, and transport molecules around the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts? Where are they found? (O1/O3)

A

1) Site of Photosynthesis

2) Plants and Algae

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11
Q

What is the function of the Cell Vacuole? Where are they found? (O2/O3)

A

1) Maintains Cell Structure
Act as temporary energy store
2) Plants only

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12
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall? Where is it found? (O3/O3)

A

1) Provides support & Mechanical Strength

2) Plants, Algae and Fungi

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13
Q

What happens to Eukaryotic cells in Complex Multicellular organisms?

A

Eukaryotic Cells become specialised for specific functions

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14
Q

What happens to specialised cells?

A

Organised into tissues
Tissues into Organs
Organs into Systems

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15
Q

What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells?

A

Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler than Eukaryotes

1) Eukaryotes have a Nucleus, Prokaryotes don’t
2) Eukarotic DNA is linear and packaged into chromosomes in nucleus, Prokaryotic is circular and freely floating in cytoplasm
3) Both have Cell Membranes
4) Eukaryotes have Membrane-bound organelles, Prokaryotes don’t
5) Both have Ribosomes present (Euk 80S, Prok 70S)
6) All Prokaryotes have Cell Walls, some Eukaryotes have cell walls
7) Prokaryotes don’t have Chloroplasts, some Euks do
8) Euks don’t have plasmids, Proks do sometimes
9) Euks don’t have capsules, Proks do sometimes
10) One euk has a flagellum (sperm cell), Proks do sometimes

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16
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cell Walls made of (if it has one)?

A

Cellulose or Chitin

17
Q

What are Prokaryotic Cell Walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

18
Q

How do Bacteria replicate?

A

Binary Fission:

1) Cell replicates its DNA
2) Cytoplasmic membrane elongates, separating DNA molecules
3) Cross wall forms; membrane invaqinates
4) Cross wall forms completely
5) Two daughter cells are formed

19
Q

What are Viruses?

A

Acellular and Non-living

20
Q

What does the basic structure of Viruses consist of?

A 
Capsid
Genetic Material (Viral RNA, vRNA)
Enzyme/s
Matrix
Lipid Envelope
Attachment Protein
21
Q

How do Viruses Replicate?

A

1) Bind to Host Cell
2) Inject Genetic Material into cell
3) Use Host’s machinery to replicate
4) Burst out of the host cell

22
Q

What are the 3 types of microscopes used to observe cells?

A

1) Light Microscope
2) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
3) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

23
Q

What are the properties of Light Microscopes? (M1/M3)

A

1) Light Beam Medium
2) Only in 2D
3) Max Magnification x1,500 (bigger the better)
4) Max Resolution 200nm (smaller the better)

24
Q

What are the properties of Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)? (M2/M3)

A

1) Electron Beam Medium
2) 3D
3) Max Magnification x200,000 (bigger the better)
4) Max Resolution 20nm (smaller the better)

25
Q

What are the properties of Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)? (M3/M3)

A

1) Electron Beam Medium
2) Only in 2D
3) Max Magnification x2,000,000
4) Max Resolution 0.1nm

26
Q

What is Magnification?

A

How much bigger the image is

Compared to original object viewed with naked eye

27
Q

What is the equation for Magnification?

A

Magnification = (Size of Image) / (Size of Object)

28
Q

What is the Resolution?

A

How well a microscope distinguishes b/w 2 points that are close together

29
Q

How can Cell Fractionisation be used to separate organelles?

A

1) Homogenisation - Grinding cells to release organelles into solution
2) Filtration - Separating Organelles and Debris
3) Ultracentrifugation - Using centrifuge, organelles separated in order of mass

30
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Nuclear Division of cells

31
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

When cell splits in two

Forming two identical daughter cells

32
Q

What are the 4 main phases of Mitosis? (CD1/CD5)

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

33
Q

What occurs during Prophase? (CD2/CD5)

A

DNA Condenses and coils
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles move to opposite poles

34
Q

What occurs during Metaphase? (CD3/CD5)

A

Spindle Fibres attach to Centromeres

Chromosomes line up at the Equator

35
Q

What occurs during Anaphase? (CD4/CD5)

A

Centromeres divides

Chromatids move to opposite poles

36
Q

What occurs during Telophase? (CD5/CD5)

A

Chromosomes uncoil

Nuclear Envelope reforms

37
Q

What is wrong with Mitosis in Cancer Cells? What do treatments involve?

A

1) Cancerous cells have uncontrolled cell division
Hence have Modified Cell Cycle (repeats too quickly)
2) Treatments involve disrupting cell cycle (Chemotherapy, e.g. Cisplatin)
By stopping DNA Synthesis or by changing Cytoskeleton in Mitosis

AS Biology (10 decks)

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