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A-level Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the components of nucleotides

A

phosphate group
Pentose sugar
nitrogenous base

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2
Q

which bases are pyrimidine

A

thymine
cytosine
urasil

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3
Q

which bases are purine

A

adenine

guanine

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4
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

what are the functions of DNA

A

carries the genetic code for protein synthesis

replicates in dividing cells

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6
Q

the two DNA strands are said to be what

A

antiparallel

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7
Q

what are base pairs held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does G and C have

A

3

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9
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does A and T have

A

2

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10
Q

what phase does DNA replication take place in

A

interphase

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11
Q

conservative replication theory

A

the parent DNA remains unchanged and is copied by the cell creating a new daughter molecule

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12
Q

semi conservative replication theory

A

the parent DNA separates into 2 strands. Each strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand. The daughter molecules therefore have one strand of original DNA and one strand of newly synthesised DNA

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13
Q

dispersive replication theory

A

the parent DNA breaks into double stranded segments which are copied using new nucleotides.

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14
Q

RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

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15
Q

mRNA function

A

carries genetic code for specific protein from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

tRNA

A

transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome

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17
Q

rRNA

A

forms a ribosome. Ribosomes translate the genetic code and join amino acids together to form polypeptides

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18
Q

what replaces thymine in RNA

A

urasil

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19
Q

how many possible genetic codes are there

A

64

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20
Q

what does the sequence of bases determine

A

the sequence of amino acids

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21
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide

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22
Q

what is a triplet code

A

3 bases that encode each amino acid

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23
Q

why are there more triplet codes that amino acids

A

each amino acids has more than one code so the code is degenerate
some triplets do not code for amino acids, these are stop codons which mark the end of translation

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24
Q

name the components of ATP

A

3 phosphate groups
ribose sugar
Adenine base

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25
Q

what are the 5 uses of ATP

A 
active transport
muscle contraction
nerve impulse transmission
bulk transport
synthesis of complex molecules
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26
Q

purine

A

a double ringed nitrogenous base

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27
Q

pyrimidine

A

a single ringed nitrogenous base

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28
Q

the addition of phosphate to ADP is called

A

phosphorylation

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29
Q

what reaction is the formation of ATP

A

endergonic

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30
Q

what reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP

A

exergonic

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31
Q

why are there more triplet codes than amino acids

A

each amino acids has more than one code so the code us described as degenerate
stop codons do not code for amino acids as they mark the end of translation

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32
Q

differences in DNA and RNA

A 
DNA:
deoxyribose sugar
A-T
G-C
2 strands
long
RNA:
ribose sugar
A-U
G-C
1 strand
short
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33
Q

what types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis

A

mRNA and tRNA

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34
Q

what two stages are involved in protein synthesis

A

transcription

translation

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35
Q

transcription

A

a process that occurs in the nucleus where the genetic code for a specific protein is copied

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36
Q

translation

A

a process occurring at the ribosome where the genetic code is translated into a polypeptide

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37
Q

formation of ATP

A

the enzyme ATP synthase combines ADP and P in a condensation reaction. This requires an input of energy in an endergonic reaction

38
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

the enzyme ATPase hydrolyses the terminal phosphate bonds releasing a small packet of energy in an exergonic reaction, forming ADP and P

39
Q

4 advantages of using ATP over glucose

A

only one enzyme is needed to release energy
ATP releases small packets of energy when and where it is needed
common source of energy for many reactions
easily transported across membranes

40
Q

why is ATP a universal energy current

A

it provides energy for many metabolic reactions in all living organisms

41
Q

what 3 stages are involved in translation

A

initiation
elongation
termination

42
Q

what is a polysome

A

complex of several ribosomes on the mRNA

43
Q

ATPase

A

hydrolyses the terminal phosphate bond in ATP releasing a small packet of energy

44
Q

ATPsynthase

A

combines ADP and P in a condensation reaction

45
Q

DNA helicase

A

catalyses hydrogen holding together DNA strands

46
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyses condensation reaction between 2 DNA nucleotides

47
Q

RNA polymerase

A

binds to template strand at the beginning of the sequence and moves down the strand catalysing the reaction between complementary RNA nucleotides

48
Q

endonuclease

A

cuts DNA at a specific base sequence, removing introns

49
Q

ligase

A

splices together exons

50
Q

intron

A

sections of DNA within a gene which do not code for a protein. They are removed after transcription by the enzyme endonuclease

51
Q

exon

A

sections of DNA within a gene which code for a protein. They are left behind and are spliced together by the enzyme ligase to form the final mature mRNA

52
Q

splicing

A

joining together of DNA fragments by ligase enzymes

53
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

54
Q

where does translation occur

A

at a ribosome

55
Q

what strand codes for amino acids

A

mRNA

56
Q

what is complimentary to the DNA template strand

A

mRNA

57
Q

what is complimentary to tRNA

A

mRNA

58
Q

DNA

A

a very large stable molecule, found as chromatin in the nucleus and small amounts are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

59
Q

RNA

A

a short-lived molecule, found mainly in the cyctoplasm and can also be found in the nucleus

60
Q

does prokaryotic DNA contain introns

A

no

61
Q

why does mRNA modification take place

A

because the initial mRNA molecule produced by transcription is longer than than the final mRNA that is translated at the ribosome

62
Q

how many tRNA molecules can bind to the large subunit at the ribosome

A

2

63
Q

what does the small subunit in the ribosome bind to

A

mRNA

64
Q

when tRNA attaches to the amino acid in the cytoplasm what is this called and what is required

A

it requires ATP and is called ‘amino acid activation’

65
Q

what does the anti codon on tRNA determine

A

which amino acid the tRNA molecule will carry

66
Q

what happens at post-translational modification

A

the polypeptide is transported to the Golgi body in a vesicle where it can be chemically modified by non-proteins

67
Q

what does a carbohydrate and polypeptide make

A

glycoprotein

68
Q

what does a lipid and a polypeptide make

A

lipoprotein

69
Q

what does a phosphate and a polypeptide make

A

phospho-proteins

70
Q

primary structure

A

order and sequence of amino acids

71
Q

secondary structure

A

polypeptide chains fold into an a-helix or b-pleated sheet

72
Q

tertiary structure

A

further folding of secondary structure into a specific 3D shape

73
Q

quarternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptides chemically bonded together, may have a prosthetic group

74
Q

bonds in secondary structure

A

peptide and hydrogen

75
Q

bonds in tertiary and quaternary

A

hydrogen
disulphide
ionic
hydrophobic interactions

76
Q

examples of secondary structure

A

collagen and keratin

77
Q

examples of tertiary structure

A

insulin hormone

78
Q

example of quaternary structure

A

haemoglobin

79
Q

what processes are involved in protein synthesis in order

A

transcription
pre-mRNA modification
translation
post-translational modification

80
Q

explain the 6 steps involved in DNA replication

A
  1. DNA helicase catalyses the breaking of hydrogen bonds holding together complementary base pairs
  2. DNA strands unwind
  3. each DNA strand acts as a template
  4. free DNA nucleotides align opposite complementary bases
  5. DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction between DNA nucleotides, occurring from the 5 prime to 3 prime end
  6. Each new DNA molecule is made from an original template strand and a new replicated strand, known as a semi-conservative approach
81
Q

explain the 6 steps in transcription

A
  1. only one strand of DNA is used as a template strand for mRNA
  2. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds holding complementary base pairs causing DNA to unwind
  3. RNA polymerase binds to the template strand at the beginning of the sequence
  4. free RNA nucleotides align opposite complementary base pairs on the template strand
  5. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, catalysing the addition of RNA nucleotides until a stop codon is reached, the strand behind to rewind
  6. mRNA leaves via the nuclear pore and travels to the cytoplasm
82
Q

explain the steps involved in translation

A
  1. ribosome attaches to start codon on the mRNA
  2. first tRNA binds to 1st attachment site as the anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA forming a codon-anticodon complex with hydrogen bonds
  3. a second tRNA bonds to second attachment site
  4. ribosomal enzyme catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids
  5. the tRNA leaves the site and returns to cytoplasm and the next moves down
  6. this sequence repeats until a stop codon is reached
  7. the ribosome-mRNA-polypeptide complex separates from the ribosome
83
Q

how many rings do purine bases have

A

2

84
Q

how many rings do pyridimine bases have

A

1

85
Q

what phase does DNA replication occur in

A

interphase

86
Q

DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction of phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars to form what bond

A

phosphodiester bond

87
Q

percentages of nitrogen in 0 generation

A

0% light nitrogen
0% intermediate
100% heavy nitrogen

88
Q

percentages of nitrogen in 1st generation

A

0% light nitrogen
100% intermediate
0% heavy nitrogen

89
Q

percentages of nitrogen in 2nd generation

A

50% light nitrogen
50% intermediate
0% heavy nitrogen

90
Q

percentages of nitrogen in 3rd generation

A

75% light nitrogen
25% intermediate
0% heavy nitrogen

91
Q

percentages of nitrogen in 4th generation

A

87.5% light nitrogen
12.5% intermediate
0% heavy nitrogen

A-level Biology (9 decks)

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