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A-level Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 4 elements required for living processes

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

inorganic ions are an example of what nutrient?

A

macronutrient

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3
Q

magnesium is a constituent of what in plants?

A

chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis

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4
Q

what happens to plants if there is no magnesium in the soil?

A

their leaves turn yellow (chlorosis)

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5
Q

which inorganic ion is a constituent of haemoglobin?

A

iron

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6
Q

the inorganic ion phosphate is used for making what?

A

nucleic acids

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7
Q

phosphate is a constituent of what, found in plasma membranes

A

phospholipids

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8
Q

calcium provides strength to what in plants?

A

cell walls

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9
Q

name the inorganic ions important for living processes

A

magnesium
iron
phosphate
calcium

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10
Q

which nutrient is need in minute amounts?

A

micronutrients

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11
Q

which nutrient is needed in small amounts?

A

macronutrients

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12
Q

what are some examples of a micronutrient?

A

copper and zinc ions

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13
Q

define a compound

A

two or more atoms chemically joined together

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14
Q

what contains protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

atoms

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15
Q

what consists of only one type of atom

A

an element

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16
Q

define organic

A

compounds based on carbon and contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

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17
Q

define inorganic

A

compounds that do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

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18
Q

what are some examples of inorganic?

A

water

carbon dioxide

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19
Q

what is a molecule?

A

consists of more than one type of atom

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20
Q

carbohydrates and proteins can form very large what?

A

polymers

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21
Q

what are polymers made up of?

A

smaller molecules called monomers linked together

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22
Q

define polymerisation

A

linking together of identical monomers to form polymers

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23
Q

What happens when two monomers link together?

A

a molecule of water is eliminated (condensation)

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24
Q

What reaction occurs when many monomers link to form a polymer?

A

Condensation

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25
Q

What is the reaction that involves a chemical insertion of water breaking the monomer bond?

A

hydrolysis

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26
Q

name the general chemical formula of a monosaccharide

A

(CH2O)n

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27
Q

glucose has 6 carbon atoms so what monosaccharide sugar is it?

A

hexose

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28
Q

name the most abundant monosaccharide

A

glucose

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29
Q

what two forms can glucose be found in?

A

alpha and beta

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30
Q

what is an isomer?

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but have different arrangements of their atom

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31
Q

how are alpha and beta glucose different?

A

in alpha glucose, on carbon 1 the hydroxy group is below the plane of the molecule. In beta glucose, on carbon 1 the hydroxy group is above the plane of the molecule.

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32
Q

what is a hydroxy group made up of?

A

hydrogen and oxygen

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33
Q

other than glucose, name two other hexose monosaccharide

A

fructose and galactose

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34
Q

how many carbon atoms does a pentose monosaccharide have?

A

5

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35
Q

how many carbon atoms does a triode monosaccharide have?

A

3

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36
Q

what is property of monosaccharides and why is this important?

A

they are small which makes them soluble in water, this means they can easily dissolve inside the cell and therefore they are easily transported in the bloodstream of an animal

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37
Q

what forms when two hexose sugars combine in a condensation reaction?

A

a dissacharide

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38
Q

what bond forms a disaccharide?

A

glycosidic

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39
Q

what sugars combine to make maltose?

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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40
Q

what sugars combine to make sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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41
Q

what sugars combine to make lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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42
Q

what is the formula of a disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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43
Q

polysaccharides are polymers made up of monomers called what?

A

Monosaccharides

44
Q

Polysaccharides are linked together y what type of bond?

A

glycosidic

45
Q

Polysaccharides are very large meaning they are insoluble, this means that polysaccharides do not affect what process?

A

osmosis

46
Q

what are the two functions of a polysaccharide?

A

energy store or structural function

47
Q

why can glucose not be stored in water?

A

because it is soluble meaning it would affect osmosis

48
Q

energy storage polysaccharides are made of what glucose?

A

alpha

49
Q

structural polysaccharides are made of what glucose?

A

beta

50
Q

name the 2 energy store polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

51
Q

name the 2 structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose and chitin

52
Q

name the properties of energy store polysaccharides

A
  • insoluble, so don’t affect osmosis
  • compact, can be stored in small place of cell
  • easily hydrolysed, to release glucose
  • contain lots of energy in bonds
53
Q

what two different molecules is starch made up of?

A

amylose and amylopectin

54
Q

what are the properties of amylose?

A
  • straight chains
  • helical shape
  • a(1-4) glycosidic bonds
55
Q

what are the properties of amylopectin?

A
  • branched

- a(1-4) and a(1-6) glycosidic bonds

56
Q

glycogen is an animal storage polysaccharide found where in the body?

A

liver and muscle cells

57
Q

what allows glycogens quick glucose release?

A

highly branched structure

58
Q

what bonds does glycogen have?

A

a(1-4 and a(1-6)

59
Q

cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of what monomers?

A

beta glucose

60
Q

what polysaccharide is an important component in plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

61
Q

what are the structural properties of cellulose that prevent it from bursting?

A
  • inelastic

- high tensile strength

62
Q

state the bonds in cellulose

A
  • b(1-4) glycosidic bonds, adjacent bonds rotated 180

- hydrogen bonds between straight chains

63
Q

why is cellulose not branched?

A

because it is needed for structure, this makes it harder to hydrolyse so it can maintain strength

64
Q

what bonds does chitin have?

A

b(1-4) glycosidic bonds

65
Q

what are the properties of chitin?

A

lightweight, waterproof, very strong

66
Q

how does chitin differ from cellulose?

A

some OH groups of each beta molecule are replaced by nitrogen, containing acetylamine groups
this addition make it a muco-polysaccharide

67
Q

ionic bonds

A

occur between oppositely charged R groups

68
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

occurs between some hydrogen and oxygen atoms

69
Q

disulphide bonds

A

form between R groups which contain sulphur (very strong)

70
Q

name the two types of lipids

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

71
Q

what 3 element are lipids made of?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

72
Q

triglycerides are made up of what?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

73
Q

how many molecules of water are released when triglycerides are formed?

A

3

74
Q

what bonds are formed in triglycerides?

A

ester bonds

75
Q

why are triglycerides not polymers?

A

because they are made of 2 different subunits not identical monomers

76
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water

77
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracts water

78
Q

triglycerides do not mix with water, this means they are

A

non-polar and hydrophobic

79
Q

what is the formula of glycerol?

A

C3H8O3

80
Q

what 3 parts are fatty acids made up of?

A 
methyl group (CH3)
hydrocarbon chain (CH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
81
Q

which fatty acid contains no carbon double bonds?

A

saturated

82
Q

which fatty acid contains the max amount of hydrogen bonded to carbon?

A

saturated

83
Q

which fatty acid is solid at room temp?

A

saturated

84
Q

which fatty acid is unhealthy?

A

saturated

85
Q

which fatty acid contains one or more carbon double bonds?

A

unsaturated

86
Q

lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in what?

A

organic solvents

87
Q

name the 6 functions of lipids

A 
energy store
protection of organs
insulation
buoyancy
metabolic water
waterproofing
88
Q

other than glycerol and 2 fatty acids what else is a phospholipid made of?

A

phosphate group

89
Q

phospholipids have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail. True or False

A

False

90
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

91
Q

two amino acids form a what?

A

dipeptide

92
Q

what bonds form between two amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

93
Q

many amino acids make a?

A

polypeptide

94
Q

what bonds do primary structure proteins have?

A

peptide

95
Q

describe a secondary structure protein and what bonds it contains

A

polypeptide chains coil into a-helix or b-pleated sheet. They are held by hydrogen bonds. for example keratin and collagen

96
Q

what bonds do tertiary and quaternary structures have?

A

hydrogen
ionic
disulphide
hydrophilic/phobic interactions

97
Q

describe the tertiary structure

A

secondary structures fold to form complex 3d shape

98
Q

describe quaternary structure

A

more than one polypeptide chain with a tertiary structure, containing a prosthetic group

99
Q

what are properties of fibrous proteins?

A

tough
non-specific
insoluble

100
Q

what are properties of globular proteins?

A

compact
specific shape
soluble in water

101
Q

describe a test for reducing sugars

A

add drops of Benedicts, boil in water bath
a positive result will turn brick red
a negative result will stay blue
this is a semi-quantitive test

102
Q

describe a test for non-reducing sugars

A

if a negative test was found from Benedicts test.
add hydrochloric acid to sample and boil to 90 degrees, this will hydrolyse glycosidic bonds.
add hydrogen carbonate to neutralise.
add Benedictus and boil again
a positive result will be brick red
a negative result will have no change

103
Q

describe a test for starch

A

iodine solution turns blue/ black.

this is a qualitative test.

104
Q

describe a test for proteins

A

add few drops of Beirut to sample, it will turn from light blue to purple if proteins are present

105
Q

describe a test for lipids

A

mix sample with ethanol to dissolve lipids, add equal amount of water, shake.
is lipids are present it will turn into a white and cloudy emulsion

106
Q

name the 7 properties of water

A 
surface tension
universal solvent
metabolite
high specific heat capacity 
high latent heat capacity
density
transparency

A-level Biology (9 decks)

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