Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
name the 4 elements required for living processes
A
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
2
Q
inorganic ions are an example of what nutrient?
A
macronutrient
3
Q
magnesium is a constituent of what in plants?
A
chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis
4
Q
what happens to plants if there is no magnesium in the soil?
A
their leaves turn yellow (chlorosis)
5
Q
which inorganic ion is a constituent of haemoglobin?
A
iron
6
Q
the inorganic ion phosphate is used for making what?
A
nucleic acids
7
Q
phosphate is a constituent of what, found in plasma membranes
A
phospholipids
8
Q
calcium provides strength to what in plants?
A
cell walls
9
Q
name the inorganic ions important for living processes
A
magnesium
iron
phosphate
calcium
10
Q
which nutrient is need in minute amounts?
A
micronutrients
11
Q
which nutrient is needed in small amounts?
A
macronutrients
12
Q
what are some examples of a micronutrient?
A
copper and zinc ions
13
Q
define a compound
A
two or more atoms chemically joined together
14
Q
what contains protons, neutrons and electrons?
A
atoms
15
Q
what consists of only one type of atom
A
an element
16
Q
define organic
A
compounds based on carbon and contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
17
Q
define inorganic
A
compounds that do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
18
Q
what are some examples of inorganic?
A
water
carbon dioxide
19
Q
what is a molecule?
A
consists of more than one type of atom
20
Q
carbohydrates and proteins can form very large what?
A
polymers
21
Q
what are polymers made up of?
A
smaller molecules called monomers linked together
22
Q
define polymerisation
A
linking together of identical monomers to form polymers
23
Q
What happens when two monomers link together?
A
a molecule of water is eliminated (condensation)
24
Q
What reaction occurs when many monomers link to form a polymer?
A
Condensation
25
What is the reaction that involves a chemical insertion of water breaking the monomer bond?
hydrolysis
26
name the general chemical formula of a monosaccharide
(CH2O)n
27
glucose has 6 carbon atoms so what monosaccharide sugar is it?
hexose
28
name the most abundant monosaccharide
glucose
29
what two forms can glucose be found in?
alpha and beta
30
what is an isomer?
molecules with the same chemical formula but have different arrangements of their atom
31
how are alpha and beta glucose different?
in alpha glucose, on carbon 1 the hydroxy group is below the plane of the molecule. In beta glucose, on carbon 1 the hydroxy group is above the plane of the molecule.
32
what is a hydroxy group made up of?
hydrogen and oxygen
33
other than glucose, name two other hexose monosaccharide
fructose and galactose
34
how many carbon atoms does a pentose monosaccharide have?
5
35
how many carbon atoms does a triode monosaccharide have?
3
36
what is property of monosaccharides and why is this important?
they are small which makes them soluble in water, this means they can easily dissolve inside the cell and therefore they are easily transported in the bloodstream of an animal
37
what forms when two hexose sugars combine in a condensation reaction?
a dissacharide
38
what bond forms a disaccharide?
glycosidic
39
what sugars combine to make maltose?
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
40
what sugars combine to make sucrose?
glucose + fructose
41
what sugars combine to make lactose?
glucose + galactose
42
what is the formula of a disaccharide?
C12H22O11
43
polysaccharides are polymers made up of monomers called what?
Monosaccharides
44
Polysaccharides are linked together y what type of bond?
glycosidic
45
Polysaccharides are very large meaning they are insoluble, this means that polysaccharides do not affect what process?
osmosis
46
what are the two functions of a polysaccharide?
energy store or structural function
47
why can glucose not be stored in water?
because it is soluble meaning it would affect osmosis
48
energy storage polysaccharides are made of what glucose?
alpha
49
structural polysaccharides are made of what glucose?
beta
50
name the 2 energy store polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
51
name the 2 structural polysaccharides
cellulose and chitin
52
name the properties of energy store polysaccharides
- insoluble, so don't affect osmosis
- compact, can be stored in small place of cell
- easily hydrolysed, to release glucose
- contain lots of energy in bonds
53
what two different molecules is starch made up of?
amylose and amylopectin
54
what are the properties of amylose?
- straight chains
- helical shape
- a(1-4) glycosidic bonds
55
what are the properties of amylopectin?
- branched
| - a(1-4) and a(1-6) glycosidic bonds
56
glycogen is an animal storage polysaccharide found where in the body?
liver and muscle cells
57
what allows glycogens quick glucose release?
highly branched structure
58
what bonds does glycogen have?
a(1-4 and a(1-6)
59
cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of what monomers?
beta glucose
60
what polysaccharide is an important component in plant cell walls?
cellulose
61
what are the structural properties of cellulose that prevent it from bursting?
- inelastic
| - high tensile strength
62
state the bonds in cellulose
- b(1-4) glycosidic bonds, adjacent bonds rotated 180
| - hydrogen bonds between straight chains
63
why is cellulose not branched?
because it is needed for structure, this makes it harder to hydrolyse so it can maintain strength
64
what bonds does chitin have?
b(1-4) glycosidic bonds
65
what are the properties of chitin?
lightweight, waterproof, very strong
66
how does chitin differ from cellulose?
some OH groups of each beta molecule are replaced by nitrogen, containing acetylamine groups
this addition make it a muco-polysaccharide
67
ionic bonds
occur between oppositely charged R groups
68
hydrogen bonds
occurs between some hydrogen and oxygen atoms
69
disulphide bonds
form between R groups which contain sulphur (very strong)
70
name the two types of lipids
triglycerides and phospholipids
71
what 3 element are lipids made of?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
72
triglycerides are made up of what?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
73
how many molecules of water are released when triglycerides are formed?
3
74
what bonds are formed in triglycerides?
ester bonds
75
why are triglycerides not polymers?
because they are made of 2 different subunits not identical monomers
76
hydrophobic
repels water
77
hydrophilic
attracts water
78
triglycerides do not mix with water, this means they are
non-polar and hydrophobic
79
what is the formula of glycerol?
C3H8O3
80
what 3 parts are fatty acids made up of?
```
methyl group (CH3)
hydrocarbon chain (CH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
```
81
which fatty acid contains no carbon double bonds?
saturated
82
which fatty acid contains the max amount of hydrogen bonded to carbon?
saturated
83
which fatty acid is solid at room temp?
saturated
84
which fatty acid is unhealthy?
saturated
85
which fatty acid contains one or more carbon double bonds?
unsaturated
86
lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in what?
organic solvents
87
name the 6 functions of lipids
```
energy store
protection of organs
insulation
buoyancy
metabolic water
waterproofing
```
88
other than glycerol and 2 fatty acids what else is a phospholipid made of?
phosphate group
89
phospholipids have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail. True or False
False
90
how many amino acids are there?
20
91
two amino acids form a what?
dipeptide
92
what bonds form between two amino acids?
peptide bonds
93
many amino acids make a?
polypeptide
94
what bonds do primary structure proteins have?
peptide
95
describe a secondary structure protein and what bonds it contains
polypeptide chains coil into a-helix or b-pleated sheet. They are held by hydrogen bonds. for example keratin and collagen
96
what bonds do tertiary and quaternary structures have?
hydrogen
ionic
disulphide
hydrophilic/phobic interactions
97
describe the tertiary structure
secondary structures fold to form complex 3d shape
98
describe quaternary structure
more than one polypeptide chain with a tertiary structure, containing a prosthetic group
99
what are properties of fibrous proteins?
tough
non-specific
insoluble
100
what are properties of globular proteins?
compact
specific shape
soluble in water
101
describe a test for reducing sugars
add drops of Benedicts, boil in water bath
a positive result will turn brick red
a negative result will stay blue
this is a semi-quantitive test
102
describe a test for non-reducing sugars
if a negative test was found from Benedicts test.
add hydrochloric acid to sample and boil to 90 degrees, this will hydrolyse glycosidic bonds.
add hydrogen carbonate to neutralise.
add Benedictus and boil again
a positive result will be brick red
a negative result will have no change
103
describe a test for starch
iodine solution turns blue/ black.
| this is a qualitative test.
104
describe a test for proteins
add few drops of Beirut to sample, it will turn from light blue to purple if proteins are present
105
describe a test for lipids
mix sample with ethanol to dissolve lipids, add equal amount of water, shake.
is lipids are present it will turn into a white and cloudy emulsion
106
name the 7 properties of water
```
surface tension
universal solvent
metabolite
high specific heat capacity
high latent heat capacity
density
transparency
```
