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A-level Biology > Cell Structure and Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define cell theory

A
  • all living organisms are composed of one or more cell
  • the cell is the fundamental unit of structure,function and organisation in all living organisms
  • cells can’t only arise from pre existing cells
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2
Q

how do you convert mm to micrometers

A

x 1000

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3
Q

how do you convert micrometers to nanometers

A

x 1000

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4
Q

total magnification is what multiplied together

A

eyepiece and objective lens

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

to retain DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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6
Q

what 4 parts is the nucleus made up of

A

nuclear envelope
nucleolus
nucleoplasm
chromatin

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7
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane with pores to allow transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus to the cyctoplasm

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8
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cyctoplams like material containing chromatin

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9
Q

chromatin

A

coils of DNA bound to histone protein, during cell division it condenses to form visible chromosomes

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10
Q

nucleolus

A

spherical bodies that synthesise rRNA

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11
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

to release energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration

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12
Q

what features does a mitochondrion contain

A 
70s ribosomes
DNA
matrix
cristae
double membrane
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13
Q

where are most mitochondria found

A

muscle and liver cells

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14
Q

function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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15
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis and transport of proteins

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16
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

involved in synthesis and transport of lipids

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17
Q

function of golgi body

A 
modifying and packaging proteins.
secreating carbohydrates. 
producing glycoproteins. 
transport and store of lipids. 
form lysosomes.
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18
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

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19
Q

function of plasmodesmata

A

connect one cell to another and allow substances to move between them

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20
Q

function of cell wall

A

rigidity of plant cells

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21
Q

function of vacuoles

A

support soft plant tissues

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22
Q

function of centrioles

A

during cell division, they migrate to opposite poles of cell and form the spindle

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23
Q

function of lysosomes

A

release digestive enzymes to break down worn out organelles of cell.
digest material taken in by the cell.

24
Q

what organelles to both plant cells and animals cells contain

A 
lysosomes 
nucleus
golgi body
mitochondria
RER
cell membranes
25
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

single celled organisms with no memebrane bound organelles

26
Q

how do prokaryotes store DNA

A

circular DNA free in the cyctoplasm

27
Q

what kind of ribosomes do eukaryotic cells have

A

80s

28
Q

what cell division do prokaryotes undergo

A

binary fision

29
Q

where do prokaryotes carry out respiration

A

mesosomes, folds in the plasma membrane

30
Q

what are the 3 components of viruses

A

lipid capsule
nucleic acid
protein coat

31
Q

tissues

A

an aggregation of specailised cells carrying out a specific function

32
Q

organs

A

an aggregation of several tissues that carry out a specific function for the whole organism

33
Q

organ system

A

two or more organs working together to provide a common function

34
Q

division of labour

A

the adaptation of different parts of an organism to carry out different functions

35
Q

Multicellular

A

organisms consisting of many speacialised cells which form tissues and organs

36
Q

unicellular

A

single celled organisms which carry out all life functions whithin one cell

37
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which a stem cell becomes speacialised

38
Q

what are the 4 primary tissues types in humans

A

epithelial
muscle
connective
nerve

39
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelial tissue

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnal
ciliated

40
Q

what is an example of connective tissue

A

collagen, gives strength to tendons and ligaments and found in tough outer layer of blood vessels

41
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

42
Q

xylem function

A

transports water and dissolved minerals

43
Q

phloem function

A

transport of sucrose and amino acids

44
Q

palisade mesophyll function

A

photosynthesis

45
Q

spongy mesophyll function

A

provides air space for diffusion of gases

46
Q

organs in a plant

A

flower
leaf
stem
roots

47
Q

features of a chloroplast

A 
70s ribosomes
lipid and starch granules
DNA
grana
thylakoids
double membrane
lamella
stroma
48
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms made of cells that have membrane bound organelles with DNA within the nucleus in the form of chromosomes

49
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

50
Q

what are the 7 organelles involved in protein synthesis and secretion

A 
nucleus
nuclear pore
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
secretory vesicle
plasma membrane
51
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flattened cells found in mouth and alveoli which are thin to allow gas diffusion

52
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

cube shaped cells found in kidney tulles and ducts of glands

53
Q

columnal epithelium

A

elongated column shaped cells that are found lining the stomach and intestines

54
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

column shaped cells that have fine hair like projection. Found in the trachea and oviduct

55
Q

cristae

A

folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A-level Biology (9 decks)

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