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A-level Biology > 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

open system

A

blood not contained within tubes

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2
Q

closed system

A

blood fully enclosed in tubes

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3
Q

what organisms have an open system

A

insects

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4
Q

what organisms have a closed system

A

mammals, fish

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5
Q

blood pressure in an open system

A

low pressure as it is not contained in vessels

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6
Q

blood pressure in a closed system

A

high pressure as it is contained in vessels

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7
Q

contact with organs in an open system

A

heamolymph bathes the organs directly

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8
Q

contact with organs in a closed system

A

blood contained in vessels so never has direct contact with organs

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9
Q

respiratory pigment in open system

A

no respiratory pigment required as oxygen reaches the exchange surface through a tracheal system

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10
Q

respiratory pigment in a closed system

A

oxygen diffuses into blood and is carried around the boy in blood bound to haemoglobin

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11
Q

transport to organs in open system

A

oxygen transported directly to tissues

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12
Q

transport to organs in closed system

A

oxygen is transported from the lungs to the heart then towards capillaries in body tissues

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13
Q

heart in an insect

A

dorsal tube shaped heart that runs the length of the body

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14
Q

heart in an earthworm

A

5 pseudohearts

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15
Q

heart in a fish

A

1 atrium, 1 ventricle

2 chambers

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16
Q

hear in a mammal

A

2 atrium, 2 ventricle

4 chambers

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17
Q

in double circulation systems what two circuits are there

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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18
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting all the blood from the heart to the lungs

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19
Q

systemic circuit

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)

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20
Q

what kind of circulation do fish have

A

single circulation

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21
Q

what kind go circulation do mammals have

A

double circulation

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22
Q

what are 4 advantages of double circulation

A
  1. maintains high blood pressure in the systemic body circulation
  2. allows for lower pressure in the pulmonary lung circulation
  3. rapid circulation in the systemic circuit
  4. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept separate
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23
Q

what is the advantage of maintaining a high blood pressure in systemic circulation, in double circulation

A

increased pressure means an increased rate of flow to tissues which increases the oxygen supply to tissues

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24
Q

what is the advantage of a lower pressure in the pulmonary circuit, in double circulation

A

reduces build up of tissue fluid in the lungs which would reduce the efficiency of gas exchange

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25
Q

what is the advantage of rapid circulation in the systemic circuit, in double circulation

A

the systemic circuit pumps blood to the body, in order to move blood such a large distance faster circulation is needed

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26
Q

what is the advantage of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood being seperate, in double circulation

A

maintains a steep concentration gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissues and the lungs

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27
Q

arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart at high pressure

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28
Q

veins

A

transport blood toward the heart at low pressure

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29
Q

which is the only artery that does carry blood away from the heart

A

pulmonary artery

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30
Q

what is the only component of a capillary

A

endothelium

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31
Q

endothelium

A

the inner most layer of the vessel and is one cell thick. It provides a smooth lining

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32
Q

why is the endothelium important

A

short diffusion pathway as only one cell thick in capillaries only.
reduces friction
provides minimal resistance to blood flow

33
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle in arteries

A

contracts and relaxes, allowing arteries to flex.
withstand high blood pressure.
can contract to restrict blood flow (vasoconstriction)

34
Q

what is the function of elastic fibres in arteries

A

can stretch to accommodate blood flowing at high pressure.

elastic recoil maintains blood pressure and prevents overstretching, and also aids pumping

35
Q

collagen fibres

A

fibres found in the outer layer of the vessels and are resistant to overstitching

36
Q

how do valves work

A
  1. blood tries to flow back
  2. blood fills the pocket above the valve
  3. this forces the valve shut
37
Q

why do veins returning from the head not contain valves

A

the blood is able to drain back into the heart as it flows with the force of gravity and the pressure is high enough to not require valves

38
Q

arterioles

A

able to adjust their diameter to vary the blood supply to a capillary bed

39
Q

why do capillaries have a narrow lumen

A

to restrict blood flow, slowing down the blood to allow more time for exchange of materials at the tissues

40
Q

what blood do arteries carry and the exception

A

oxygenated

except the pulmonary artery caries deoxygenated

41
Q

what blood do veins carry and the exception

A

deoxygenated

except the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated

42
Q

blood pressure in capillaries

A

falls as velocity of blood decreases

43
Q

lumen in arteries

A

small

44
Q

lumen in veins

A

large to reduce resistance to flow

45
Q

what term describes cardiac muscle

A

myogenic

46
Q

function of the tendinous chords in the heart

A

keep tension on the valves in the heart holding them inna closed position, this prevents the valves inverting as pressure in the heart changes

47
Q

aorta

A

largest artery and transports blood from heart to the body

48
Q

vena cava

A

2 veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper and Lowe parts of the body

49
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

transport deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

50
Q

pulmonary veins

A

transport oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

51
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply the heart cells with oxygenated blood and glucose

52
Q

coronary veins

A

remove deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscle

53
Q

the bicuspid valve is in which side of the heart

A

left

54
Q

which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve in

A

right

55
Q

semi lunar valves

A

valves between major arteries and ventricles

56
Q

atrio ventricular valves

A

valves between atria and ventricles

57
Q

haemolymph

A

the fluid in insects that bathes the tissues directly, enabling exchange of substance

58
Q

heamocoel

A

space in an insects body cavity that fluid is pumped into

59
Q

Sino-atrial node

A

pacemaker found in the wall of the right atrium which sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria

60
Q

systole

A

scientific term for contraction

61
Q

diastole

A

scientific term for relaxation

62
Q

atrial systole

A

Bothe atria contract
tricuspid and bicuspid valves open
blood flow from atria into ventricles (high to low pressure)

63
Q

ventricular distole

A

both ventricles contract, force blood up out of heart (high to low pressure in arteries)
tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
semi lunar valves open

64
Q

diastole

A

atria and ventricles relax, low pressure in heart

semilunar valves close

65
Q

pressure changes in arteries

A

highest pressure occurs in arteries closest to the heart.

there is a rhythmic rise and fall corresponding to ventricular contraction and relaxation

66
Q

pressure changes in arterioles

A

friction with vessel walls causes a progressive drop in pressure.
they have a large total cross-sectional area and a narrow lumen which cause a substantial decrease in aortic pressure.
the pressure in arterioles depends on whether they are dilated or constricted.

67
Q

pressure changes in capillaries

A

small diameter and friction with the walls slows blood flow and decreases pressure.
as some fluid is forced out of capillaries into tissues this further reduces blood flow and pressure in the capillaries

68
Q

pressure changes in veins

A

the return flow to the heart is non-rythmic as the veins are too far from the heart to be affected by its contraction and relaxation.
the pressure in veins is low but never 0 due to massaging effect of skeletal muscles

69
Q

where is the Sino-artrial node located

A

right atrium

70
Q

explain the control of the heartbeat

A
  1. wave of depolarisation arrives at sino-atrial node and nerve impulse spreads over both atria causing them to contract simultaneously.
  2. this electrical stimulation is prevented from spreading to the ventricles by a thin layer of connective tissue which acts as insulation.
  3. after short delay the nerve impulse reaches the atrioventricular node and passes on the impulse to the ventricles.
  4. this impulse is passed down the bundle is His to the apex of the heart, this bundle branches into purkinje fibres in the ventricle walls which carry the wave of depolarisation upwards through the ventricle muscle
  5. the impulse causes cardiac muscle in each ventricle to contract simultaneously from the apex upwards, forcing blood up and out of the heart
71
Q

P wave

A

the first part of the trace shows the depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole

72
Q

QRS wave

A

shows the spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole

73
Q

T wave

A

represents relaxation and depolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole

74
Q

why is the QRS wave bigger than the P wave

A

ventricles have more muscle than the atria so the height of the QRS is bigger than the p wave

75
Q

Sino-atrial node

A

pacemaker found in the wallow the right atrium which sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria

76
Q

atrio-ventricular node

A

bundle of tissue found between the atria and ventricles which delays the wave of depolarisation

77
Q

bundle of his

A

fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation through the septum to the apex

78
Q

purkinje fibres

A

fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation into the ventricular walls to allow contraction

79
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a test used to check the hearts rhythm and electrical activity

A-level Biology (9 decks)

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