Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A-level Biology > 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

open system

A

blood not contained within tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

closed system

A

blood fully enclosed in tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what organisms have an open system

A

insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what organisms have a closed system

A

mammals, fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood pressure in an open system

A

low pressure as it is not contained in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blood pressure in a closed system

A

high pressure as it is contained in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

contact with organs in an open system

A

heamolymph bathes the organs directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

contact with organs in a closed system

A

blood contained in vessels so never has direct contact with organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiratory pigment in open system

A

no respiratory pigment required as oxygen reaches the exchange surface through a tracheal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

respiratory pigment in a closed system

A

oxygen diffuses into blood and is carried around the boy in blood bound to haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transport to organs in open system

A

oxygen transported directly to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transport to organs in closed system

A

oxygen is transported from the lungs to the heart then towards capillaries in body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

heart in an insect

A

dorsal tube shaped heart that runs the length of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

heart in an earthworm

A

5 pseudohearts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heart in a fish

A

1 atrium, 1 ventricle

2 chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hear in a mammal

A

2 atrium, 2 ventricle

4 chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in double circulation systems what two circuits are there

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting all the blood from the heart to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

systemic circuit

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what kind of circulation do fish have

A

single circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what kind go circulation do mammals have

A

double circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are 4 advantages of double circulation

A
  1. maintains high blood pressure in the systemic body circulation
  2. allows for lower pressure in the pulmonary lung circulation
  3. rapid circulation in the systemic circuit
  4. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept separate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the advantage of maintaining a high blood pressure in systemic circulation, in double circulation

A

increased pressure means an increased rate of flow to tissues which increases the oxygen supply to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the advantage of a lower pressure in the pulmonary circuit, in double circulation

A

reduces build up of tissue fluid in the lungs which would reduce the efficiency of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the advantage of rapid circulation in the systemic circuit, in double circulation
the systemic circuit pumps blood to the body, in order to move blood such a large distance faster circulation is needed
26
what is the advantage of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood being seperate, in double circulation
maintains a steep concentration gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissues and the lungs
27
arteries
transport blood away from the heart at high pressure
28
veins
transport blood toward the heart at low pressure
29
which is the only artery that does carry blood away from the heart
pulmonary artery
30
what is the only component of a capillary
endothelium
31
endothelium
the inner most layer of the vessel and is one cell thick. It provides a smooth lining
32
why is the endothelium important
short diffusion pathway as only one cell thick in capillaries only. reduces friction provides minimal resistance to blood flow
33
what is the function of smooth muscle in arteries
contracts and relaxes, allowing arteries to flex. withstand high blood pressure. can contract to restrict blood flow (vasoconstriction)
34
what is the function of elastic fibres in arteries
can stretch to accommodate blood flowing at high pressure. | elastic recoil maintains blood pressure and prevents overstretching, and also aids pumping
35
collagen fibres
fibres found in the outer layer of the vessels and are resistant to overstitching
36
how do valves work
1. blood tries to flow back 2. blood fills the pocket above the valve 3. this forces the valve shut
37
why do veins returning from the head not contain valves
the blood is able to drain back into the heart as it flows with the force of gravity and the pressure is high enough to not require valves
38
arterioles
able to adjust their diameter to vary the blood supply to a capillary bed
39
why do capillaries have a narrow lumen
to restrict blood flow, slowing down the blood to allow more time for exchange of materials at the tissues
40
what blood do arteries carry and the exception
oxygenated | except the pulmonary artery caries deoxygenated
41
what blood do veins carry and the exception
deoxygenated | except the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated
42
blood pressure in capillaries
falls as velocity of blood decreases
43
lumen in arteries
small
44
lumen in veins
large to reduce resistance to flow
45
what term describes cardiac muscle
myogenic
46
function of the tendinous chords in the heart
keep tension on the valves in the heart holding them inna closed position, this prevents the valves inverting as pressure in the heart changes
47
aorta
largest artery and transports blood from heart to the body
48
vena cava
2 veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper and Lowe parts of the body
49
pulmonary arteries
transport deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs where gas exchange takes place
50
pulmonary veins
transport oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
51
coronary arteries
supply the heart cells with oxygenated blood and glucose
52
coronary veins
remove deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscle
53
the bicuspid valve is in which side of the heart
left
54
which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve in
right
55
semi lunar valves
valves between major arteries and ventricles
56
atrio ventricular valves
valves between atria and ventricles
57
haemolymph
the fluid in insects that bathes the tissues directly, enabling exchange of substance
58
heamocoel
space in an insects body cavity that fluid is pumped into
59
Sino-atrial node
pacemaker found in the wall of the right atrium which sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria
60
systole
scientific term for contraction
61
diastole
scientific term for relaxation
62
atrial systole
Bothe atria contract tricuspid and bicuspid valves open blood flow from atria into ventricles (high to low pressure)
63
ventricular distole
both ventricles contract, force blood up out of heart (high to low pressure in arteries) tricuspid and bicuspid valves close semi lunar valves open
64
diastole
atria and ventricles relax, low pressure in heart | semilunar valves close
65
pressure changes in arteries
highest pressure occurs in arteries closest to the heart. | there is a rhythmic rise and fall corresponding to ventricular contraction and relaxation
66
pressure changes in arterioles
friction with vessel walls causes a progressive drop in pressure. they have a large total cross-sectional area and a narrow lumen which cause a substantial decrease in aortic pressure. the pressure in arterioles depends on whether they are dilated or constricted.
67
pressure changes in capillaries
small diameter and friction with the walls slows blood flow and decreases pressure. as some fluid is forced out of capillaries into tissues this further reduces blood flow and pressure in the capillaries
68
pressure changes in veins
the return flow to the heart is non-rythmic as the veins are too far from the heart to be affected by its contraction and relaxation. the pressure in veins is low but never 0 due to massaging effect of skeletal muscles
69
where is the Sino-artrial node located
right atrium
70
explain the control of the heartbeat
1. wave of depolarisation arrives at sino-atrial node and nerve impulse spreads over both atria causing them to contract simultaneously. 2. this electrical stimulation is prevented from spreading to the ventricles by a thin layer of connective tissue which acts as insulation. 3. after short delay the nerve impulse reaches the atrioventricular node and passes on the impulse to the ventricles. 4. this impulse is passed down the bundle is His to the apex of the heart, this bundle branches into purkinje fibres in the ventricle walls which carry the wave of depolarisation upwards through the ventricle muscle 5. the impulse causes cardiac muscle in each ventricle to contract simultaneously from the apex upwards, forcing blood up and out of the heart
71
P wave
the first part of the trace shows the depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole
72
QRS wave
shows the spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole
73
T wave
represents relaxation and depolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole
74
why is the QRS wave bigger than the P wave
ventricles have more muscle than the atria so the height of the QRS is bigger than the p wave
75
Sino-atrial node
pacemaker found in the wallow the right atrium which sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria
76
atrio-ventricular node
bundle of tissue found between the atria and ventricles which delays the wave of depolarisation
77
bundle of his
fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation through the septum to the apex
78
purkinje fibres
fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation into the ventricular walls to allow contraction
79
electrocardiogram
a test used to check the hearts rhythm and electrical activity

A-level Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions