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Biology Semester 1 > Nucleic Acids (8) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids (8) Flashcards

1
Q

name two nucleic acids

A

DNA - DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

RNA - RiboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

where is DNA found ?

A

within the nucleus

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3
Q

what is the function of DNA ?

A

it contains information necessary to make proteins

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4
Q

what are the functions of RNA ? (2)

A

Translates the information found in DNA

Directs the production of proteins in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

what are nucleic acids ?

A

polymers of nucleotides

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6
Q

what three building blocks are nucleotides made off ?

A

Sugar (ribose or 2-deoxy ribose)
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group(s)

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7
Q

Nucleobase + sugar =

A

nucleoside

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8
Q

Nucleoside + phosphate =

A

nucleotide

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9
Q

Nitrogenous base =

A

nucleobase

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10
Q

what bond to nucleobases form with a sugar ?

and what do they form ?

A

β-N-glycosidic link

to form a nucleoside

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11
Q

what is formed from the nucleobase adenine

and the sugar ribose ?

A

adenosine

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12
Q

name three Pyrimidine Nucleobases

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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13
Q

how can you tell the difference between pyrimidine and purine nucleobases?

A

purine has a double ring and pyrimidine is a single ring

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14
Q

what is a purine

nucleobase ?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring

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15
Q

what is a pyrimidine nucleobase ?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring

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16
Q

name two purine nucleobases

A

adenine

guanine

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17
Q

name 4 common nucleotides that contain ribose

A

ATP
GTP
DNA (dATP)
ddATP

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18
Q

What is NAD ?
What is its role ?
how does it preform this role ?

A

a coenzyme found in all living cells

has a role in metabolism

Act as electron acceptors (oxidating agents)

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19
Q

name a use of ddATP

A

used in a lab to stop dna sequencing

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20
Q

what is the phosphorylated form off NAD+ ?

A

NADP+

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21
Q

what can produce cyclic AMP

A

adenylate cyclase

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22
Q

why is cAMP important ?

A

plays an important role in cell signalling

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23
Q

whatb process can ATP undergo to release energy ?

A

dephosphorylation

24
Q

what are two phosphate groups also known as ?

A

pyrophosphate

25
what roles does GTP have ? (2)
Important in protein synthesis and cell signalling
26
what is the monomer that makes up DNA ?
nucletides
27
how does one nucleotide bind to another ?
Phosphate on one nucleotide covalently links (phosphodiester bond) to the 2-deoxy ribose sugar on the next nucleotide forming a strand (sugar-phosphate backbone)
28
what structure does DNA have ?
double helix
29
are the strand the same orentation ?
no they are antiparallel
30
why does dna have a double helix structure ?
hydrogen bonds between complemetary base pairs
31
In which direction are strands read ?
5 prime to 3 prime
32
``` which bases are complementary to each other ? A C G T how many bonds do they form ? ```
A and T (2 hydrogen bonds) G and C (3 hydrogen bonds)
33
How can a DNA strand be more stable then another ?
by having more hydrogen bonds hence more energy needed to seperate strands
34
what are genes
are portions of DNA | that carry the instructions for making proteins
35
by what method does DNA replicate ?
Semi-conservative
36
``` order these by size chromosme DNA molecule nucleus genes base pairs ```
``` base pairs genes DNA molecule chromosme nucleus ```
37
how is DNA stored ?
DNA wound up around histones and tightly packed to form chromosomes
38
what is one function of histones ?
regulatory functions
39
what is a Karyotype?
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
40
how are somatic chromosomes organised ?
in pairs
41
what is process where DNA is used to produce rna ?
transcription
42
name three ways RNA is different to DNA ?
Ribose sugar replaces deoxyribose RNA is single-stranded Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)
43
Name three types of RNA
``` Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ```
44
What is the function of mRNA ?
converts the genetic information in DNA into a template that can be used to construct a protein molecule
45
What is the function of tRNA ?
helps to transport the amino acids that build the polypeptide chain of a protein
46
What is the function of rRNA ?
With ribosomal proteins, rRNA makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.
47
what enzyme facilitates the transcription of DNA to RNA ?
RNA polymerase
48
which process happens first translation or transcription ?
transcription then translation
49
how is DNA used in foresic biology ?
Forensic DNA ‘fingerprint’ analysis these are called VNTRS (variable number tandem number repeats ) which is a Use specific base sequence that has a large variety within game organisms
50
how can DNA be used in medicine ?
DNA sequencing and somatic gene therapy by being able to sequence the genome doctors can provide more personalised care
51
name one example ehere is DNA used in to make proteins ?
insulin synthesis
52
how can DNA be edited ?
using CRISPR
53
What is the diffrence between alpha and beta glycosi5'dic link ?
based on the relative stereochemistry of the carbon attached by a double bond to an oxygen and the stereocenter furthest from C1 in the saccharide An α-glycosidic bond is formed when both carbons have the same stereochemistry, whereas a β-glycosidic bond occurs when the two carbons have different stereochemistry
54
how do you number the carbonbs within each DNA nucleotide | hint 5' - 3'
starting clockwise of the oxygen oxygen
55
decribe the chracteristic structure of tRNA
clover shape attached to a specific amino acid as an anticodon which is complementary to the mRNA strand often contains pseudouridine
56
what is pseudouridine? what is alike to ? &how is it different ? what is its function ?
isomer of the nucleotide uridine which is similar to uracil but instead of C-N bond it has a C-C bond stabalise structure

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

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