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Biology Semester 1 > Nucleic Acids (8) > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids (8) Flashcards

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1
Q

name two nucleic acids

A

DNA - DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

RNA - RiboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

where is DNA found ?

A

within the nucleus

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3
Q

what is the function of DNA ?

A

it contains information necessary to make proteins

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4
Q

what are the functions of RNA ? (2)

A

Translates the information found in DNA

Directs the production of proteins in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

what are nucleic acids ?

A

polymers of nucleotides

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6
Q

what three building blocks are nucleotides made off ?

A

Sugar (ribose or 2-deoxy ribose)
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group(s)

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7
Q

Nucleobase + sugar =

A

nucleoside

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8
Q

Nucleoside + phosphate =

A

nucleotide

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9
Q

Nitrogenous base =

A

nucleobase

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10
Q

what bond to nucleobases form with a sugar ?

and what do they form ?

A

β-N-glycosidic link

to form a nucleoside

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11
Q

what is formed from the nucleobase adenine

and the sugar ribose ?

A

adenosine

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12
Q

name three Pyrimidine Nucleobases

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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13
Q

how can you tell the difference between pyrimidine and purine nucleobases?

A

purine has a double ring and pyrimidine is a single ring

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14
Q

what is a purine

nucleobase ?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring

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15
Q

what is a pyrimidine nucleobase ?

A

Heterocyclic organic compounds consisting of a pyrimidine ring

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16
Q

name two purine nucleobases

A

adenine

guanine

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17
Q

name 4 common nucleotides that contain ribose

A

ATP
GTP
DNA (dATP)
ddATP

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18
Q

What is NAD ?
What is its role ?
how does it preform this role ?

A

a coenzyme found in all living cells

has a role in metabolism

Act as electron acceptors (oxidating agents)

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19
Q

name a use of ddATP

A

used in a lab to stop dna sequencing

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20
Q

what is the phosphorylated form off NAD+ ?

A

NADP+

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21
Q

what can produce cyclic AMP

A

adenylate cyclase

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22
Q

why is cAMP important ?

A

plays an important role in cell signalling

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23
Q

whatb process can ATP undergo to release energy ?

A

dephosphorylation

24
Q

what are two phosphate groups also known as ?

A

pyrophosphate

25
Q

what roles does GTP have ? (2)

A

Important in protein synthesis and cell signalling

26
Q

what is the monomer that makes up DNA ?

A

nucletides

27
Q

how does one nucleotide bind to another ?

A

Phosphate on one nucleotide covalently links (phosphodiester bond) to the 2-deoxy ribose sugar on the next nucleotide forming a strand (sugar-phosphate backbone)

28
Q

what structure does DNA have ?

A

double helix

29
Q

are the strand the same orentation ?

A

no they are antiparallel

30
Q

why does dna have a double helix structure ?

A

hydrogen bonds between complemetary base pairs

31
Q

In which direction are strands read ?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

32
Q 
which bases are complementary to each other ?
A
C
G
T
how many bonds do they form ?
A

A and T (2 hydrogen bonds)

G and C (3 hydrogen bonds)

33
Q

How can a DNA strand be more stable then another ?

A

by having more hydrogen bonds hence more energy needed to seperate strands

34
Q

what are genes

A

are portions of DNA

that carry the instructions for making proteins

35
Q

by what method does DNA replicate ?

A

Semi-conservative

36
Q 
order these by size 
chromosme 
DNA molecule
nucleus 
genes
base pairs
A 
base pairs 
genes
DNA molecule 
chromosme 
nucleus
37
Q

how is DNA stored ?

A

DNA wound up around histones and tightly packed to form chromosomes

38
Q

what is one function of histones ?

A

regulatory functions

39
Q

what is a Karyotype?

A

Akaryotypeis the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

40
Q

how are somatic chromosomes organised ?

A

in pairs

41
Q

what is process where DNA is used to produce rna ?

A

transcription

42
Q

name three ways RNA is different to DNA ?

A

Ribose sugar replaces deoxyribose

RNA is single-stranded

Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)

43
Q

Name three types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA) 
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
44
Q

What is the function of mRNA ?

A

converts the genetic information in DNA into a template that can be used to construct a protein molecule

45
Q

What is the function of tRNA ?

A

helps to transport the amino acids that build the polypeptide chain of a protein

46
Q

What is the function of rRNA ?

A

With ribosomal proteins, rRNA makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.

47
Q

what enzyme facilitates the transcription of DNA to RNA ?

A

RNA polymerase

48
Q

which process happens first translation or transcription ?

A

transcription
then
translation

49
Q

how is DNA used in foresic biology ?

A

Forensic DNA ‘fingerprint’ analysis

these are called VNTRS (variable number tandem number repeats )
which is a Use specific base sequence that has a large variety within game organisms

50
Q

how can DNA be used in medicine ?

A

DNA sequencing and somatic gene therapy

by being able to sequence the genome doctors can provide more personalised care

51
Q

name one example ehere is DNA used in to make proteins ?

A

insulin synthesis

52
Q

how can DNA be edited ?

A

using CRISPR

53
Q

What is the diffrence between alpha and beta glycosi5’dic link ?

A

based on the relative stereochemistry of the carbon attached by a double bond to an oxygen and the stereocenter furthest from C1 in the saccharide

An α-glycosidic bond is formed when both carbons have the same stereochemistry, whereas a β-glycosidic bond occurs when the two carbons have different stereochemistry

54
Q

how do you number the carbonbs within each DNA nucleotide

hint 5’ - 3’

A

starting clockwise of the oxygen oxygen

55
Q

decribe the chracteristic structure of tRNA

A

clover shape
attached to a specific amino acid
as an anticodon which is complementary to the mRNA strand

often contains pseudouridine

56
Q

what is pseudouridine?

what is alike to ?
&how is it different ?

what is its function ?

A

isomer of the nucleotide uridine

which is similar to uracil but instead of C-N bond it has a C-C bond

stabalise structure

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

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