Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Semester 1 > Introduction to biological molecules (2) > Flashcards

Introduction to biological molecules (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is carbon the basis of living material ?

A

As it can form 4 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbon- based compounds normally have one type of structure , what is this ?

A

Macromolecular or giant covalent structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What bonds hold carbon based molecules together ?

A

Strong covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do atoms what a full outer shell?

A

So they can be more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name a types of atoms that carbon normally bond with

A

electron deficient atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bond includes a shared pair of electrons

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is valence (equation)

A

The 8-group number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the valence of carbon ?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two properties give carbon its stability and diversity of carbon containing compounds ?

A

Valence and low atomic weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What dictates the function of a compound

A

Functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Breaking of covalent bonds has what impact on energy ?

A

It releases energy (which can be used to sustain life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an alkyne functional group ?

A

A triple carbon-carbon bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a thiol functional group?

A

Sulphur bonded to a hydrogen and an r group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a sulphydryl functional group ?

A

Sulphur bonded to a hydrogen and an r group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Draw a phosphate group

A

Phosphate double bonded to a oxygen then single bonded to two oxygens and an r group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an amide functional group

A

Oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is bonded to both an r group and a nitrogen which is bonded to two other independent r groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a peptide functional group ?

A

Oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is bonded to both an r group and a nitrogen which is bonded to two other independent r groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large biological molecules with repeating subunits and many functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 4 biologically important macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the building blocks of polymers

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the building blocks of Macromolecules

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name three monomers

A

Nucleotides , amino acids and monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the reaction that forms polymers called ?

A

Dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe a dehydration synthesis reaction

A

This forms a bond that requires energy in the form of ATP (adenosine 5’-triphosphate) While a molecule of water is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
By what reaction are polymers broken down
Hydrolysis reaction
26
Decribe a hydrolysis reaction
A bond is broken and this energy is stored in the form of ATP and a H2O molecule is used up
27
What are enzymes ?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy and increase then rate of a chemical reaction without being used up
28
What is the most abundant molecule within the human body ?
Water/ H20
29
What reactions is water important in ?
Hydrolysis reactions
30
Name 4 major uses of water ?
Medium in which cellular chemical reactions occur Universal solvent and transporter Lubricant Regulates body temperature
31
Through what process can water aid transportation through the body ?
Osmosis
32
Where can water as a lubricant be found ?
In joints On tissues Eyes & mouth
33
Name a place water (as a lubricant ) can act as a shock absorber
In the brain
34
How does water act to regulate body temperature ?
Water absorbs heat from then skin when evaporating
35
What bonds bind an oxygen to two hydrogens ?
Covalent bonds
36
Why is water a polar molecule ?
As oxygen as (8) more protons that a positively changes then hydrogen (1) it attracts the pair of electrons more than hydrogen . This makes the oxygen slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly postive
37
How are hydrogen bonds formed between neighbouring molecules ?
The slightly positive end of the molecule (hydrogen) os attracted to the slightly negative (oxygen)
38
What are the strength of hydrogen bonds compared to covalent bonds ?
Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to ` covalent bonds (5-10% of the strength )
39
How do hydrogen bonds lead to a fluid mixture ?
The fluidity is caused by the breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds
40
How can water act as a solvent ? E.g sodium chloride
As water is a polar molecule ionic substances such as sodium chloride can dissolve in it . The negative Cl- are attracted to the slightly positive H and the positive Na+ are attracted to the slightly negative O
41
Why can polar molecules and ions dissolve in water ?
As they can form hydrogen bonds with water
42
Define hydrophobic
Repels water
43
Define hydrophilic
Attracts water
44
Define amphiphilic
A molecule that has groups that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
45
What gives the phospholipids their unique properties ?
They are amphiphilic
46
What do phospholipids form in an aqueous setting ?
A phospholipids bi-layer
47
Name two unique properties of the phospholipid bilayer
It’s fluidity and its polarity
48
What types of molecules can pass the phospholipid bi-layer ?
Small and hydrophobic (aka lipid soluble ) molecules
49
Name three small molecules that can pass freely through the phospholipid bi-layer
O2 CO2 H20
50
Define surface tension
The tension of the surface film of a liquid
51
How is surface tension created ?
The attraction of the particles in the surface layer so as to reduce surface area.
52
What causes the elastic tendencies of surface tension ?
As water molecules are attracted more to each other (due to cohesion ) then the molecules in the air water tries t stay together
53
What are surfactants?
Are amphiphilic compounds that reduce surface tension in which they are dissolved
54
Name a clinical scenario where surface test ion has negative impacts & how is this overcome &where does this not occur + treatment
Surface tension in alveoli make lung alveoli collapse Alveoli secrete surfactants to break the surface tension In some cases such as premature babies lack this surfactant + so are prescribed an inhaler
55
What percentage of the body is water and Chemicals ?
Water 70% | Chemicals 30%
56
Name the 6 types of chemicals in the body
``` DNA Polysaccharides Phospholipids Ions / small ions RNA Proteins ```
57
Of the 6 types of molecules what quantity in % are they each
``` DNA 1% Polysaccharides 2% Phospholipids 2% Ions / small ions 4% RNA 6% Proteins 15% ```
58
Which of these 6 molecules are macromolecules
DNA Polysaccharides RNA Proteins
59
What is the purpose of the capillary refill test ?
To check blood flow measuring hydration level
60
Approximately how much water is needed Per day
1.5 litres
61
Why is hydration important ?
Water is an important molecule that is included in many proceeds the lack of water can lead to diarrhoea / vomiting and can be fatal
62
How can dehydration be treated ?
Fluid replacement therapy , oral or intravenous
63
What is the capillary refill test ?
Apply pressure to a finger and the amount of time it takes for the colour to return in the finger an measure the hydration status of the person
64
What is a normal time for a capillary test ?
Less than 2 seconds
65
What can prolonged capillary refill time show ?
Sign of shock or dehydration
66
How is the capillary refill test done on infant children ?
By pressing on the sternum for 3-5 seconds
67
How can the capillary refill test be done on animals that have fur ?
By pressing their gums
68
Why isn’t the capillary refil test relied on for diagnosis ?
As the test is affected by many external factors

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions