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Biology Semester 1 > Introduction to biological molecules (2) > Flashcards

Introduction to biological molecules (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is carbon the basis of living material ?

A

As it can form 4 bonds

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2
Q

Carbon- based compounds normally have one type of structure , what is this ?

A

Macromolecular or giant covalent structures

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3
Q

What bonds hold carbon based molecules together ?

A

Strong covalent bonds

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4
Q

Why do atoms what a full outer shell?

A

So they can be more stable

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5
Q

Name a types of atoms that carbon normally bond with

A

electron deficient atoms

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6
Q

What bond includes a shared pair of electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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7
Q

What is valence (equation)

A

The 8-group number

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8
Q

What is the valence of carbon ?

A

4

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9
Q

What two properties give carbon its stability and diversity of carbon containing compounds ?

A

Valence and low atomic weight

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10
Q

What dictates the function of a compound

A

Functional groups

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11
Q

Breaking of covalent bonds has what impact on energy ?

A

It releases energy (which can be used to sustain life)

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12
Q

What is an alkyne functional group ?

A

A triple carbon-carbon bond

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13
Q

What is a thiol functional group?

A

Sulphur bonded to a hydrogen and an r group

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14
Q

What is a sulphydryl functional group ?

A

Sulphur bonded to a hydrogen and an r group

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15
Q

Draw a phosphate group

A

Phosphate double bonded to a oxygen then single bonded to two oxygens and an r group

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16
Q

What is an amide functional group

A

Oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is bonded to both an r group and a nitrogen which is bonded to two other independent r groups

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17
Q

What is a peptide functional group ?

A

Oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is bonded to both an r group and a nitrogen which is bonded to two other independent r groups

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18
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large biological molecules with repeating subunits and many functional groups

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19
Q

Name 4 biologically important macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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20
Q

What are the building blocks of polymers

A

Monomers

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21
Q

What are the building blocks of Macromolecules

A

Monomers

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22
Q

Name three monomers

A

Nucleotides , amino acids and monosaccharides

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23
Q

What is the reaction that forms polymers called ?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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24
Q

Describe a dehydration synthesis reaction

A

This forms a bond that requires energy in the form of ATP (adenosine 5’-triphosphate) While a molecule of water is formed

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25
Q

By what reaction are polymers broken down

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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26
Q

Decribe a hydrolysis reaction

A

A bond is broken and this energy is stored in the form of ATP and a H2O molecule is used up

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27
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy and increase then rate of a chemical reaction without being used up

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28
Q

What is the most abundant molecule within the human body ?

A

Water/ H20

29
Q

What reactions is water important in ?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

30
Q

Name 4 major uses of water ?

A

Medium in which cellular chemical reactions occur

Universal solvent and transporter

Lubricant

Regulates body temperature

31
Q

Through what process can water aid transportation through the body ?

A

Osmosis

32
Q

Where can water as a lubricant be found ?

A

In joints
On tissues
Eyes & mouth

33
Q

Name a place water (as a lubricant ) can act as a shock absorber

A

In the brain

34
Q

How does water act to regulate body temperature ?

A

Water absorbs heat from then skin when evaporating

35
Q

What bonds bind an oxygen to two hydrogens ?

A

Covalent bonds

36
Q

Why is water a polar molecule ?

A

As oxygen as (8) more protons that a positively changes then hydrogen (1) it attracts the pair of electrons more than hydrogen . This makes the oxygen slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly postive

37
Q

How are hydrogen bonds formed between neighbouring molecules ?

A

The slightly positive end of the molecule (hydrogen) os attracted to the slightly negative (oxygen)

38
Q

What are the strength of hydrogen bonds compared to covalent bonds ?

A

Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to ` covalent bonds (5-10% of the strength )

39
Q

How do hydrogen bonds lead to a fluid mixture ?

A

The fluidity is caused by the breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds

40
Q

How can water act as a solvent ? E.g sodium chloride

A

As water is a polar molecule ionic substances such as sodium chloride can dissolve in it . The negative Cl- are attracted to the slightly positive H and the positive Na+ are attracted to the slightly negative O

41
Q

Why can polar molecules and ions dissolve in water ?

A

As they can form hydrogen bonds with water

42
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

Repels water

43
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

Attracts water

44
Q

Define amphiphilic

A

A molecule that has groups that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

45
Q

What gives the phospholipids their unique properties ?

A

They are amphiphilic

46
Q

What do phospholipids form in an aqueous setting ?

A

A phospholipids bi-layer

47
Q

Name two unique properties of the phospholipid bilayer

A

It’s fluidity and its polarity

48
Q

What types of molecules can pass the phospholipid bi-layer ?

A

Small and hydrophobic (aka lipid soluble ) molecules

49
Q

Name three small molecules that can pass freely through the phospholipid bi-layer

A

O2
CO2
H20

50
Q

Define surface tension

A

The tension of the surface film of a liquid

51
Q

How is surface tension created ?

A

The attraction of the particles in the surface layer so as to reduce surface area.

52
Q

What causes the elastic tendencies of surface tension ?

A

As water molecules are attracted more to each other (due to cohesion ) then the molecules in the air water tries t stay together

53
Q

What are surfactants?

A

Are amphiphilic compounds that reduce surface tension in which they are dissolved

54
Q

Name a clinical scenario where surface test ion has negative impacts

& how is this overcome

&where does this not occur + treatment

A

Surface tension in alveoli make lung alveoli collapse

Alveoli secrete surfactants to break the surface tension

In some cases such as premature babies lack this surfactant
+ so are prescribed an inhaler

55
Q

What percentage of the body is water and Chemicals ?

A

Water 70%

Chemicals 30%

56
Q

Name the 6 types of chemicals in the body

A 
DNA
Polysaccharides
Phospholipids 
Ions / small ions 
RNA
Proteins
57
Q

Of the 6 types of molecules what quantity in % are they each

A 
DNA 1%
Polysaccharides 2%
Phospholipids 2%
Ions / small ions 4%
RNA 6%
Proteins 15%
58
Q

Which of these 6 molecules are macromolecules

A

DNA
Polysaccharides
RNA
Proteins

59
Q

What is the purpose of the capillary refill test ?

A

To check blood flow measuring hydration level

60
Q

Approximately how much water is needed Per day

A

1.5 litres

61
Q

Why is hydration important ?

A

Water is an important molecule that is included in many proceeds the lack of water can lead to diarrhoea / vomiting and can be fatal

62
Q

How can dehydration be treated ?

A

Fluid replacement therapy , oral or intravenous

63
Q

What is the capillary refill test ?

A

Apply pressure to a finger and the amount of time it takes for the colour to return in the finger an measure the hydration status of the person

64
Q

What is a normal time for a capillary test ?

A

Less than 2 seconds

65
Q

What can prolonged capillary refill time show ?

A

Sign of shock or dehydration

66
Q

How is the capillary refill test done on infant children ?

A

By pressing on the sternum for 3-5 seconds

67
Q

How can the capillary refill test be done on animals that have fur ?

A

By pressing their gums

68
Q

Why isn’t the capillary refil test relied on for diagnosis ?

A

As the test is affected by many external factors

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

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