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Biology Semester 1 > Carbohyrates (3) > Flashcards

Carbohyrates (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

what three elements make up biological molecules ?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

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2
Q

What is the emperical formula of most biological molecules ?

A

Cm(H2O)n

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3
Q

what are carbohydrates uses ? (3)

and examples of these

A

Provide a rapid and readily available supply of energy for cellular reactions
e.g. Muscle & liver glycogen

Form part of important molecules in the cell
e.g. Sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA double helix

Form markers on the cell surface which aid cell recognition
e.g. Blood group markers

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4
Q

what is the general formula for a monosaccharide ?

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

what is an oligosaccharide ?

A

a polymer of 3-20 monosaccharides

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6
Q

what is a polysaccaride ?

A

polymer of monosaccharide units linked together

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7
Q

name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Ribose
Fructose

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8
Q

what functional group does a monosaccharide contain ?

A

aldehyde/ketone
and
hydroxyl groups

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9
Q 
name these monosaccharides (hint -ose )
Three carbons –
Four carbons – 
Five carbons – 
Six carbons – 
Seven carbons – 
Eight carbons – 
 Nine carbons – 
Ten carbons –
A

Three carbons – triose
Four carbons – tetrose Five carbons – pentose
Six carbons – hexose
Seven carbons – heptose
Eight carbons – octose Nine carbons – nonose
Ten carbons – decose

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10
Q

what is a charataristic diffference between glucose and fructose

A

glucose has a aldehyde group
but
fructose has a ketone group on the 2nd carbon

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11
Q

what is another word for aldohexose ?

A

glucose
or
aldose 6c sugar

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12
Q

what else is aldose 6C sugar known as ?

A

fructose
or
ketohexose

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13
Q

what is one similarity and difference between glucose and galactose

A

same chemical formula
but
Hydroxyl group position differs between the two

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14
Q

when a monosaccharide is refered to as deoxy what transition has happened ?

A

hydroxyl [OH] replaced with H

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15
Q

what is an other work used instead of aldopentose ?

A

ribose

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16
Q

Name two similarities between stereoisomers

A

The same chemical formula

The same orders and types of bonds

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17
Q

Name two differences between stereoisomers

A

Different spatial arrangements

Different biological functions

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18
Q

Descibe steroisomerism

A

Stereoisomers are non-overlapping mirror images that require a chiral centre

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19
Q

what is a chiral centre ?

A

A carbon attached to 4 different groups

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20
Q

what is needed for stereoisomerism ?

A

at least one chiral centre

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21
Q

how can you determine D or L stereoisomers ?

A

draw the molecules (AKA fisher projections ) with the most oxidised carbon at the top

the bottom most chiral carbon the OH group points to the
left – L
right – D

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22
Q

what is the product of an aldose that goes through cyclization called ?

A

a hemiacetal

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23
Q

what is the product of an ketose that goes through cyclization called ?

A

a hemiketal

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24
Q

when monosaccharides go through cyclizatin which two groups join ?

A

OH group on the second to last carbon reacts with carbonyl group

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25
Q

what conditions are needed for Monosaccharides
to cyclize ?
how often does it happen ?

A

Monosaccharides cyclize spontaneously under normal conditions

Only small amounts of the straight chain present as most of the monosaccharide undergo cyclization

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26
Q

what is the cyclic form of D-glucose?

A

D-glucopyranose

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27
Q

what two products of the cyclization of D-glucose ?

A

alpha and beta anomers of D-glucopyranose

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28
Q

why does the cyclization of D-glucose produce two anomers ?

A

OH group can attack planar C=O group from either side Thus 2 possible hemiacetal products

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29
Q

what is the primary use for glucose ?

A

for use in cellular respiration

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30
Q

where is fructose found ?

A

in fruits, honey, berries and melons

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31
Q

name a use of fructose

A

source of energy

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32
Q

why are fructose and glucose good energy sources of energy ?

A

as they have seven energy-rich C-H bonds

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33
Q

what does the cyclization of fructose produce ?

A

Forms a furan-based ring structure

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34
Q

what is a furanose ?

A

furanose = 5 membered cyclization product

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35
Q

what is a Disaccharide ?

A

2 monosaccharides linked together

36
Q

name three Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

37
Q

how are Disaccharides formed

A

Formed by dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) with the loss of H2O

38
Q

what is the primary function of Disaccharides ?

A

nutritional source of monosaccharides

39
Q

how is maltose formed

A

Two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via an

alpha-1,4 glycosidic link

40
Q

how can maltose be generated ?

A

from the breakdown of starch (=polysaccharide

41
Q

what enzyme digests maltose ?

A

maltase

42
Q

where can you find maltase ?

A

Present in germinating seeds and grain and the metabolism of maltose by yeast yields ethanol and CO2

43
Q

what is a condensation reaction ?

A

2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule
(e.g. H2O)

44
Q

how is lactose produced ?

A

Glucose and galactose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via a
beta-1,4 glycosidic link

45
Q

where can you find lactose ?

+ purpose

A

in lactating mammals as an energy source for their young

46
Q

what enzyme is it digested by ?

A

lactase

47
Q

when lactose is digested what is produced ?

A

glucose and galactose

48
Q

how is sucrose produced ?

A

Glucose and fructose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 2 via an alpha-1,2 glycosidic link

49
Q

where can you find sucrose ?

A

Abundant in plants/sap especially sugar cane and sugar beet

50
Q

how is sucrose digested ?

+ into what ?

A

by the enzyme sucrase

Digested to glucose+fructose

51
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction ?

A

cleavage of cleavage chemical bonds by the addition of water.

52
Q

name two things a hydrolysis recation needs to go ahead within the body

A

requires H2O and specific enzymes

53
Q

why are disaccharides broken down into mono ?

A

Monosaccharides more easily absorbed through the gut lining

54
Q

why do some orgaanims convert soluble sugars into an

insoluble form?

A

For storage in the cell (e.g. starch, glycogen)

For building structures (e.g. cellulose in plant cell walls)

For taking part in cellular processes (e.g. generation of glucose for energy)

55
Q

by what reaction are Monosaccharides are joined together ?

A

by condensation reactions

56
Q

what two polysaccharide components does starch consist of ?

A

amylose

amylopectin

57
Q

what is amylose ?

A

long linear chains of α-1,4-linked-D-glucose residues that has a coiled structure

58
Q

what is amylopectin ?

A

linear chains of α-1,4-linked D-glucose residues joined through α-1,6-linked branch points

59
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin often likened to ?

A

a brush-like strcture

60
Q

where is starch found ?

A

Found in amyloplasts and chloroplasts of plant cells from roots, tubers, seeds and fruits

61
Q

what are amyloplasts ?

A

non-pigmented plant cell organelles. Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules through polymerization of glucose

62
Q

what enzymes is starch digested by in the body?

A

amylase

63
Q

where is stach digested by amylase ?

A

in saliva and gut

64
Q

what enzymes digest starch in the gut ?

A

by amylase

maltase and isomaltase

65
Q

what bond do maltase break ?

A

alpha-1,4 glycosidic links

66
Q

what bond do amylase break ?

A

alpha-1,4 glycosidic links

67
Q

what bonds do isomaltase break down ?

A

alpha-1,6 glycosidic links

68
Q

what products are produced when starch is broken down by amylase , maltase and isomaltase ?

A 
dextrins(aka oligosaccharides)
maltotriose
maltose
isomaltose 
and eventually glucose
69
Q

what is glycogen ?

A

complex branched polysaccharide of linear chains of - 1,4-linked D-glucose residues joined through -1,6-linked branch points

70
Q

how is glycogen similar to amylopectin ?

whats the difference ?

A

they are both branched but glycogen is more so than amylopectin

71
Q

what is the main function of glycogen ?

A

it is a energy storage molecule

72
Q

why is glycogen found ?

A

animal’s liver and muscle cells

73
Q

what is the typical level of glucose i the blood at a given time ? in mM

A

5-6mM

74
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

= Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to the protein structure

75
Q

what role do Glycosylated membrane proteins play ?

A

important role in immune recognition

76
Q

what are mucins ?

A

Principal components

of mucus by mucous and as component of saliva membranes

77
Q

what is the mucous membrane ?

A

lining of body cavities open to the exterior

78
Q

what is the glycocalyx ?

A

Glycoprotein covering surrounding cell membranes of epithelial and other cell types as well as bacteria

79
Q

what do secreted glycoprotein make up ?

A

mucins and the glycocalyx

80
Q

what are glycolipids?

A

Lipids that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to their lipid structure

81
Q

where are glycolipids normally found ?

A

associated with phospholipids on outer surface of the cell membrane

82
Q

when glycolipids are associated with phospholipids what is their function ?(3)

A

recognition signals
attachment factors
membrane stabilisers

83
Q

what are Sphingolipids?

A

are a subtype of glycolipids which include
Ceramide (signalling molecule)
Sphingomyelin (membranes)

84
Q

where are Cerebrosides found ?

A

found in muscles and nerves

85
Q

where are Gangliosides found ?

A

found in plasma membranes

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

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