Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Semester 1 > Carbohyrates (3) > Flashcards

Carbohyrates (3) Flashcards

1
Q

what three elements make up biological molecules ?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the emperical formula of most biological molecules ?

A

Cm(H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are carbohydrates uses ? (3)

and examples of these

A

Provide a rapid and readily available supply of energy for cellular reactions
e.g. Muscle & liver glycogen

Form part of important molecules in the cell
e.g. Sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA double helix

Form markers on the cell surface which aid cell recognition
e.g. Blood group markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the general formula for a monosaccharide ?

A

(CH2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an oligosaccharide ?

A

a polymer of 3-20 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a polysaccaride ?

A

polymer of monosaccharide units linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name three monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Ribose
Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what functional group does a monosaccharide contain ?

A

aldehyde/ketone
and
hydroxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
name these monosaccharides (hint -ose )
Three carbons –
Four carbons – 
Five carbons – 
Six carbons – 
Seven carbons – 
Eight carbons – 
 Nine carbons – 
Ten carbons –
A

Three carbons – triose
Four carbons – tetrose Five carbons – pentose
Six carbons – hexose
Seven carbons – heptose
Eight carbons – octose Nine carbons – nonose
Ten carbons – decose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a charataristic diffference between glucose and fructose

A

glucose has a aldehyde group
but
fructose has a ketone group on the 2nd carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is another word for aldohexose ?

A

glucose
or
aldose 6c sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what else is aldose 6C sugar known as ?

A

fructose
or
ketohexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is one similarity and difference between glucose and galactose

A

same chemical formula
but
Hydroxyl group position differs between the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when a monosaccharide is refered to as deoxy what transition has happened ?

A

hydroxyl [OH] replaced with H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an other work used instead of aldopentose ?

A

ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name two similarities between stereoisomers

A

The same chemical formula

The same orders and types of bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name two differences between stereoisomers

A

Different spatial arrangements

Different biological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Descibe steroisomerism

A

Stereoisomers are non-overlapping mirror images that require a chiral centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a chiral centre ?

A

A carbon attached to 4 different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is needed for stereoisomerism ?

A

at least one chiral centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how can you determine D or L stereoisomers ?

A

draw the molecules (AKA fisher projections ) with the most oxidised carbon at the top

the bottom most chiral carbon the OH group points to the
left – L
right – D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the product of an aldose that goes through cyclization called ?

A

a hemiacetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the product of an ketose that goes through cyclization called ?

A

a hemiketal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when monosaccharides go through cyclizatin which two groups join ?

A

OH group on the second to last carbon reacts with carbonyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what conditions are needed for Monosaccharides to cyclize ? how often does it happen ?
Monosaccharides cyclize spontaneously under normal conditions Only small amounts of the straight chain present as most of the monosaccharide undergo cyclization
26
what is the cyclic form of D-glucose?
D-glucopyranose
27
what two products of the cyclization of D-glucose ?
alpha and beta anomers of D-glucopyranose
28
why does the cyclization of D-glucose produce two anomers ?
OH group can attack planar C=O group from either side Thus 2 possible hemiacetal products
29
what is the primary use for glucose ?
for use in cellular respiration
30
where is fructose found ?
in fruits, honey, berries and melons
31
name a use of fructose
source of energy
32
why are fructose and glucose good energy sources of energy ?
as they have seven energy-rich C-H bonds
33
what does the cyclization of fructose produce ?
Forms a furan-based ring structure
34
what is a furanose ?
furanose = 5 membered cyclization product
35
what is a Disaccharide ?
2 monosaccharides linked together
36
name three Disaccharides
Sucrose Maltose Lactose
37
how are Disaccharides formed
Formed by dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) with the loss of H2O
38
what is the primary function of Disaccharides ?
nutritional source of monosaccharides
39
how is maltose formed
Two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via an | alpha-1,4 glycosidic link
40
how can maltose be generated ?
from the breakdown of starch (=polysaccharide
41
what enzyme digests maltose ?
maltase
42
where can you find maltase ?
Present in germinating seeds and grain and the metabolism of maltose by yeast yields ethanol and CO2
43
what is a condensation reaction ?
2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. H2O)
44
how is lactose produced ?
Glucose and galactose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via a beta-1,4 glycosidic link
45
where can you find lactose ? | + purpose
in lactating mammals as an energy source for their young
46
what enzyme is it digested by ?
lactase
47
when lactose is digested what is produced ?
glucose and galactose
48
how is sucrose produced ?
Glucose and fructose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 2 via an alpha-1,2 glycosidic link
49
where can you find sucrose ?
Abundant in plants/sap especially sugar cane and sugar beet
50
how is sucrose digested ? | + into what ?
by the enzyme sucrase Digested to glucose+fructose
51
what is a hydrolysis reaction ?
cleavage of cleavage chemical bonds by the addition of water.
52
name two things a hydrolysis recation needs to go ahead within the body
requires H2O and specific enzymes
53
why are disaccharides broken down into mono ?
Monosaccharides more easily absorbed through the gut lining
54
why do some orgaanims convert soluble sugars into an | insoluble form?
For storage in the cell (e.g. starch, glycogen) For building structures (e.g. cellulose in plant cell walls) For taking part in cellular processes (e.g. generation of glucose for energy)
55
by what reaction are Monosaccharides are joined together ?
by condensation reactions
56
what two polysaccharide components does starch consist of ?
amylose amylopectin
57
what is amylose ?
long linear chains of α-1,4-linked-D-glucose residues that has a coiled structure
58
what is amylopectin ?
linear chains of α-1,4-linked D-glucose residues joined through α-1,6-linked branch points
59
what is the structure of amylopectin often likened to ?
a brush-like strcture
60
where is starch found ?
Found in amyloplasts and chloroplasts of plant cells from roots, tubers, seeds and fruits
61
what are amyloplasts ?
non-pigmented plant cell organelles. Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules through polymerization of glucose
62
what enzymes is starch digested by in the body?
amylase
63
where is stach digested by amylase ?
in saliva and gut
64
what enzymes digest starch in the gut ?
by amylase | maltase and isomaltase
65
what bond do maltase break ?
alpha-1,4 glycosidic links
66
what bond do amylase break ?
alpha-1,4 glycosidic links
67
what bonds do isomaltase break down ?
alpha-1,6 glycosidic links
68
what products are produced when starch is broken down by amylase , maltase and isomaltase ?
``` dextrins(aka oligosaccharides) maltotriose maltose isomaltose and eventually glucose ```
69
what is glycogen ?
complex branched polysaccharide of linear chains of - 1,4-linked D-glucose residues joined through -1,6-linked branch points
70
how is glycogen similar to amylopectin ? | whats the difference ?
they are both branched but glycogen is more so than amylopectin
71
what is the main function of glycogen ?
it is a energy storage molecule
72
why is glycogen found ?
animal's liver and muscle cells
73
what is the typical level of glucose i the blood at a given time ? in mM
5-6mM
74
what are glycoproteins?
= Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to the protein structure
75
what role do Glycosylated membrane proteins play ?
important role in immune recognition
76
what are mucins ?
Principal components | of mucus by mucous and as component of saliva membranes
77
what is the mucous membrane ?
lining of body cavities open to the exterior
78
what is the glycocalyx ?
Glycoprotein covering surrounding cell membranes of epithelial and other cell types as well as bacteria
79
what do secreted glycoprotein make up ?
mucins and the glycocalyx
80
what are glycolipids?
Lipids that contain oligosaccharide chains attached covalently to their lipid structure
81
where are glycolipids normally found ?
associated with phospholipids on outer surface of the cell membrane
82
when glycolipids are associated with phospholipids what is their function ?(3)
recognition signals attachment factors membrane stabilisers
83
what are Sphingolipids?
are a subtype of glycolipids which include Ceramide (signalling molecule) Sphingomyelin (membranes)
84
where are Cerebrosides found ?
found in muscles and nerves
85
where are Gangliosides found ?
found in plasma membranes

Biology Semester 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions