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3/4 Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

How many kinds of nucleic acid are there?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What dies RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

Guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine

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6
Q

Which bases are complementary in DNA?

A

Cytosine and guanine, thymine and adenine

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7
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen contains base

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8
Q

What are the four bases of RNA?

A

Guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil

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9
Q

Which are the complementary bases in RNA?

A

Guanine and cytosine, adenine and uracil

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10
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

It is an unpaired chain of nucleotides

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11
Q

What are the three forms of RNA?

A

Messenger, ribosomal, transfer RNA

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12
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

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13
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA

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14
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries the genetic message to the ribosomes where the message is translated into a particular protein

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16
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Molecule that carries amino acids to ribosomes where they are used to construct proteins

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17
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Together with particular proteins makes the ribosomes found in the cytosol

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18
Q

What kind of sugar is in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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19
Q

What kind of sugar is in RNA?

A

Ribose

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20
Q

A sequence of DNA contains what percentage of adenine?

A

15%

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21
Q

A sequence of DNA contains what percentage of thymine?

A

15%

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22
Q

A sequence of DNA contains what percentage of cytosine?

A

35%

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23
Q

A sequence of DNA contains what percentage of guanine?

A

35%

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24
Q

What proportion of the molecule contains cytosine and guanine complementary pairs?

A

70%

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25
Q

The main difference between gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that?

A

Eukaryotes splice out introns whereas prokaryotes don’t

26
Q

Why is gene expression regulated?

A
  • to conserve energy and cellular response

- genes are only switched on when required

27
Q

What does Pre mRNA consist of?

A

Exons and introns

28
Q

Which out of exons and introns are cut out as junk DNA?

A

Introns

29
Q

How many bonds are there between cytosine and guanine?

A

3

30
Q

How many binds are there between adenine and thymine?

A

2

31
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

carry information from the nucleus to the ribosome

32
Q

The function of transfer RNA in the cell is to?

A

carry specific amino acids to the ribosome

33
Q

A DNA triplet codes for?

A

a specific amino acid to be inserted into a polypeptide

34
Q

The first step of gene expression is?

A

Translation of DNA

35
Q

The three dimensional shape of a protein can be seen in what structure?

A

Tertiary

36
Q

How are proteins transported through the cell?

A

Endoplasmic recticulm

37
Q

What are examples of a structural gene?

A

collagen, keratin, fingernails

38
Q

What is an example of a transport protein?

A

haemoglobin, protein carrier

39
Q

What is an example of a regulatory gene?

A

hormone, enzyme, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

40
Q

Is the synthesis of carbohydrates possible by the rough or smooth ER?

A

No

41
Q

During translation mRNA is read in what direction by the ribosome?

A

5-3

42
Q

What can alternative splicing explain?

A

How the expression of a single gene can lead to the production of different proteins

43
Q

What does anti parallel mean when referring to DNA?

A

The strands are anti parallel as they have the same chemical structure but run in opposite directions. One runs 3 to 5 the other 5 to 3

44
Q

What are three places DNA could be found in a plant cell?

A

Nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria

45
Q

What happens during translation?

A
  • dna unwinds and separates
  • rna polymerase moves along and reads template strand
  • complementary rna bases are added
  • the final product is pre mRNA
46
Q

What is the final product of translation?

A

Pre mRNA

47
Q

What is the structure of a primary protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids

48
Q

What is the structure of a secondary protein?

A

The coiled or pleated structure within the chain (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets)

49
Q

What is the structure of a tertiary protein?

A

The overall 3D structure composed of secondary structures

50
Q

What is the structure of a quaternary protein?

A

Two or more polypeptide chains joined together

51
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

Genes are only transcribed and expressed when required which can save energy

52
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, uracil and thymine (CUT)

53
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Guanine and adenine

54
Q

How many rings are there in a purine base?

A

Two

55
Q

How many rings are there in a pyrimidine base?

A

1

56
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Only contains the sugar and base of a nucleotide not the phosphate

57
Q

What binds to a silencer?

A

A repressor

58
Q

What binds to an enhancer?

A

An activator

59
Q

The enzyme needed to produce cDNA from an mRNA transcript is?

A

Reverse transcriptase

60
Q

What does cDNA stand for?

A

Complementary DNA

3/4 Biology (7 decks)

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