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3/4 Biology > Disease/ Immune System > Flashcards

Disease/ Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the germ theory state?

A

That specific microbes cause specific infectious diseases

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2
Q

What is microbiota?

A

A microbial community

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3
Q

How does an infection occur?

A

When a pathogen gains entry to the human body and once within the body starts to multiply

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4
Q

If infection is not fought off by the immune system when does disease begin to occur?

A

Disease only occurs after body cells and organs are damaged by the infectious microbes and the signs and symptoms of the specific disease are visible

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5
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The period after infection before the first symptoms appear

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6
Q

What is asymptomatic carrier?

A

A person that is infected by a pathogen but in good health and never shows symptoms of the disease.

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7
Q

What are the possible entry points for pathogens?

A
  • nose/ throat
  • ducts/ tubes
  • mouth
  • genitals
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8
Q

What is an example of a bacterial disease?

A

Pneumonia, tetanus, salmonella

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9
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by a virus?

A

Influenza, AIDS, Ebola

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10
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by fungi?

A

Tinea

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11
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by Protozoa?

A

Malaria

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12
Q

What is an example of a disease caused by prions?

A

Kuru

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13
Q

What are exclusive extracellular pathogens?

A

Can only live or reproduce on the surface or in bodily fluids

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14
Q

What are exclusively intracellular pathogens?

A

Can only live or reproduce within the host cells

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15
Q

What is facultative intracellular pathogens?

A

Can live and reproduce both in and out of the body

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16
Q

When is a cell said to be diseased?

A

If a cells normal cellular activity is stopped or changed is it said to be diseased

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17
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing cellular or non cellular agent

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18
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives in or on a host organism, obtaining food, shelter and contributing nothing to the hosts welfare

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19
Q

What is an infection?

A

An invasion and/ or growth of a harmful agent

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20
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual that is the host of a pathogen that can transmit the pathogen but may not experience any symptoms

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21
Q

What is a vector?

A

An animal, usually an insect, that transmits the pathogen from host to host

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22
Q

Is bacteria multi or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

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23
Q

How does bacteria transmit infection within the body?

A

Releasing toxins in the body and can rapidly reproduce

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24
Q

What is the treatment method for bacteria caused infection/ disease?

A

Antibiotics

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25
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

In the hosts cells

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26
Q

How are viruses transmitted from person to person?

A

Airborne or bodily fluids

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27
Q

How are bacterial infections transmitted from person to person?

A

Touch, consumption, airborne

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28
Q

Can antibiotics treat viruses?

A

No

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29
Q

What are treatment methods for viruses?

A

Preventative measures such as vaccines

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30
Q

How are fungi infections transmitted?

A

Releases toxins

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31
Q

How is fungi growth treated?

A

Not allowing to spread by reducing moist areas, anti fungi medication

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32
Q

What is a Protozoa?

A

A single called eukaryotic cell and parasite

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33
Q

How are Protozoas passed on?

A

Hosts consuming contaminated food and water

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34
Q

What’s an example of a vector for the Protozoa malaria?

A

Mosquito

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35
Q

What’s an example of an infectious disease caused by Protozoa?

A

Malaria

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36
Q

How can Protozoa diseases be treated?

A

Antibiotics (can become resistant)

Controlled by medication

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37
Q

What are prions?

A

Abnormal proteins that infect neutrons and destroy brain cells by rupturing the cell surface membrane. This causes brain damage and can be fatal

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38
Q

How can prions be transmitted?

A

Consuming contaminated meat of may occur naturally in some individuals

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39
Q

What is an example of a prion caused disease?

A

Mad cow disease

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40
Q

What does a virus contain?

A

DNA/ RNA

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41
Q

Is the first line of defence specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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42
Q

Is the 2nd line of defence specific or non specific?

A

Non specific

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43
Q

Is the 3rd line of defence specific or non specific?

A

Specific

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44
Q

What barriers make up the first line of defence?

A

Chemical and physical

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45
Q

Do physical and chemical barriers form memory of pathogens?

A

No

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46
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers?

A

Acids, enzymes, mucus, sweat, sebum

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47
Q

Examples of physical barriers?

A

Intact skin, mucous membrane, cilia, nasal hairs, ear wax

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48
Q

Where is the chemical barrier acid found?

A

Stomach etc.

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49
Q

Where are the chemical barriers of enzymes found?

A

Saliva and tears

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50
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Vaccines contain dead or altered micro organisms etc. that bring about an immune reaction that will activate B cells and generate antibodies

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51
Q

How do vaccines work to build immunity?

A

Stimulates B memory cells so the host will be immune if the host is infected on a new occasion

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52
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

A form of immunity that occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated which provides protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

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53
Q

How do plants defend against pathogens?

A

Tend to be barriers or they isolate the diseased sections to avoid spreading

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54
Q

What are disorders that can occur in the immune system?

A

Cancers, infections/ infectious diseases, inherited diseases, autoimmune disorders

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55
Q

How can inherited diseases be potentially treated?

A

Gene therapy

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56
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder?

A

The loss of the ability to distinguish self from non self, can cause the immune system to attack the cells of the body

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57
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Refers to an immune system response to an antigen beyond what is considered normal

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58
Q

When do hypersensitivity reactions occur?

A

When an individual has been sensitised to an antigen

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59
Q

How do antibodies respond to an allergen?

A

By causing the release of histamine from cells

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60
Q

What is the normal response of the innate immune system to infection?

A

Acute inflammation

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61
Q

What does acute inflammation do?

A

Isolates and eliminates invading pathogens

62
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to infectious disease

63
Q

All immune cells are what type of blood cells?

A

White blood cells

64
Q

Where are B and T cells located?

A

Lymph nodes

65
Q

Where are neutrophils located?

A

Circuits in bloodstream

66
Q

Where are macrophages and dendritic cells located?

A

Bodies entry points such as mucous membranes of the gut, throat and airways

67
Q

What subgroup are B and T cells apart of?

A

Lymphocytes

68
Q

What are lymph nodes the site of?

A

Where foreign antigen meets B and T cells and activate the immune response to occur

69
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell when infection occurs?

A

Because the number of B and T cells increases

70
Q

When does the adaptive immune system come into operation?

A

Only if the pathogen overcomes the innate immune system

71
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are the site of?

A

Immune cell production and maturity

72
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of?

A

Immune cell activation by meeting antigens and where the immune system responds

73
Q

When is the second line of defence initiated?

A

If the pathogen overcomes the first line

74
Q

Why does intact skin provide a physical barrier?

A

Because the epidermis consists of dead skin which sheds preventing entry of pathogens

75
Q

How does the nasal cavity prevent against pathogens?

A

Hairs and mucus traps

76
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi protect against pathogens?

A

Mucous layer traps

77
Q

How do the eyes protect from pathogens?

A

Cleansed by tears which also contain chemical inhibiting bacterial growth

78
Q

How does the stomach defend against pathogens?

A

Acid kills many micro organisms

79
Q

What is normal flora?

A

The non pathogenic bacteria that normally resides in regions of the body

80
Q

Do phagocytic cells attack extra or intracellular pathogens?

A

Extracellular pathogens

81
Q

What is an example of an extracellular pathogen which can be attacked by phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria in the blood or tissue

82
Q

Once pathogens have gained entry to a cell can innate immune cells directly attack them?

A

No

83
Q

How are intracellular pathogens destroyed?

A

Natural killer cells

84
Q

How do phagocytes eliminate pathogens and cell debris?

A

Engulf

85
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any molecule or part of a molecule that initiates an immune response

86
Q

What are self antigens which are located on the surface of cells called?

A

HLA markers

87
Q

What are organ and tissue transplants matched?

A

HLA markers of donors must match recipients

88
Q

Which is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

89
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Identify and mount phagocytic attack on microbes

90
Q

What is the role of the natural killer cell?

A

Eliminate virus infected cells and cancer cells by degranulation

91
Q

What white blood cells kill viruses?

A

Natural killer cells

92
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

Identify and eliminate pathogens by phagocytosis

93
Q

Which white blood cells are antigen presenting?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

94
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

In almost all tissues

95
Q

What cells do natural killer cells attack?

A

Cells lacking self markers

96
Q

How do natural killer cells destroy infected cells?

A

Degranulation releases professes and also performing proteins which insert holes in plasma membrane of foreign cells, inducing programmed cell death apoptosis

97
Q

Where are dendritic cells located?

A

In tissues including skin, airways and gut

98
Q

What is the role of the dendritic cells?

A

Mobile cells that identify pathogens and secrete antiviral cytokines

99
Q

How do dendritic cells migrate?

A

Via the lymphatic vessels to lymph glands where they act as antigen presenting cells

100
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

Releases histamines and other active molecules during acute inflammation, play role in allergies

101
Q

How do mast cells attract other immune cells to infection site?

A

Releasing chemical signals

102
Q

Why is the macrophages location ideal?

A

Because it’s located at the entry points

103
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

104
Q

Prions are composed of?

A

Proteins

105
Q

Why are there different antigen binding site on different antibodies?

A

Because of the result of pathogens that infect a host

106
Q

A non self antigen would be found on

A

A pathogen

107
Q

Monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer are a form of

A

Passive immunity

108
Q

What is a cellular response that could directly lead to inflammation?

A

Macrophages releasing cytokines

109
Q

What is a chemical barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens into a host plant?

A

A waxy secretion on the surface of leaf epidermal cells

110
Q

What cells does the disease HIV attack?

A

Helper cells

111
Q

A sequence of events that lead to acquired immunity would be naive…

A

B cells differentiating into plasma and memory B cells

112
Q

The vaccination to protect individuals against whooping cough and tetanus is an example of

A

Artificial active immunity

113
Q

Describe the general structure of a virus

A

Contains a protein shell (capsid) with a nucleic acid core (rna or DNA)

114
Q

Where are naive B cells manufactured?

A

In the bone marrow

115
Q

Where are plasma B cells manufactured?

A

In the lymph nodes

116
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule usually a protein that initiates an immune response

117
Q

Cellular pathogens include?

A

Bacteria

118
Q

Non cellular pathogens include?

A

Prions and viruses

119
Q

Lymphoid tissue includes the?

A

Thymus

120
Q

Plant hormones are also known as

A

Plant growth regulators

121
Q

How does relenza work?

A

inhibits the enzymes that release viruses from host cells.

122
Q

True or false: the innate immune responses occur after the adaptive immune responses are overcome?

A

False. Innate occurs first

123
Q

What is the most common white blood cell circulating in the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophil

124
Q

True or False: natural killer cells eliminate pathogens by phagocytosis?

A

False. Eliminate pathogen infected cells by degranulation

125
Q

True or false: macrophages of the innate immune system eliminate pathogens by phagocytosis?

A

True

126
Q

What type of pathogens can macrophages destroy?

A

Extracellular pathogens by phagocytosis

127
Q

What type of pathogens do complement proteins act on?

A

Extracellular pathogens

128
Q

What is the main response of the innate immune system?

A

Acute inflammation

129
Q

True or false: cytokines released by cells at infection site attract more immune cells to site?

A

True

130
Q

True or false: at birth a baby has no adaptive immune defences

A

False. Some antibodies cross through the placental barrier and enter the blood of the baby

131
Q

What are the main characteristics of an immunodeficiency disease?

A

The immune system is partially or totally deficient

132
Q

The natural flora of the body is a part of which response?

A

Innate immune response

133
Q

A distinct difference between bacteria and viruses is what?

A

Their size

134
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A disease affecting a large number of individuals within a population or region at the same time

135
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

The spread of a disease between countries and continents

136
Q

What is the immune deficiency disease that can result when large numbers of Helper T cells are destroyed?

A

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

137
Q

Is the form of immunity initiated by the Helper T cells active or passive?

A

Active as it involves the production of antibodies and memory cells by the body

138
Q

Which immune response do dendritic cells belong to?

A

Non specific response

139
Q

What are the different types of fossils?

A
  • transitional
  • mold
  • cust
  • direct
  • indirect
140
Q

What is cultural evolution?

A

The change in human society over time where those changes are socially transmitted not genetically inherited

141
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A causative agent of disease

142
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A disease in which the body identifies some self cells as non self and attacks them

143
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When a person produces their own antibodies and memory cells

144
Q

What are the functions of complement proteins?

A
  • attach to invading micro organisms
  • make it easier for phagocytes to ingest
  • Lyse plasma membranes of pathogens
  • promote inflammation
145
Q

What are interferons?

A

Are produced by viral infected cells and warn nearby cells and make them more resistant to infection by stimulating the production of anti viral proteins

146
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

To bind to specific pathogens/ antigens and cause agglutination so macrophages can then engulf and destroy them

147
Q

How do hydrophilic hormones stimulate a metabolic process?

A
  • binds to receptor on cell membrane
  • secondary messenger is synthesised, carrying signal into cell
  • cascade of events occur
148
Q

How does a plant fight infection?

A
  • grow gall tissue around area containing infective agent to prevent spreading
  • produce gum to seal from other areas
  • drop infected area inhibit spread
149
Q

What are the features of inflammation that minimise impact of infection?

A
  • presence of phagocytes
  • increased blood flow
  • chemicals released by infected cells
  • clot or scab forms
150
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Cell division occurring in bacteria producing two daughter cells

151
Q

What are exons?

A

Are joined to form mRNA and are translated

152
Q

What are introns?

A

Sections of pre mRNA removed when splicing occurs

3/4 Biology (7 decks)

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