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3/4 Biology > DNA Manipulation > Flashcards

DNA Manipulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gene technology?

A

It is a broad field which includes analysis of DNA as well as genetic engineering and other forms of genetic modification

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2
Q

What does GMO stand for?

A

Genetically modified organisms

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3
Q

What does genetic engineering refer to?

A

Refers to the artificial manipulation of genes: adding or subtracting genes or changing the ways genes work

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4
Q

How can gene technologies benefit humanity?

A
  • increasing crop population
  • increasing livestock production
  • preventing/ fighting disease
  • reducing pollution and waste
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5
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

a piece of DNA that has been altered by adding a new section of DNA usually from a different organism

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6
Q

What do restriction enzymes allow?

A

Allows genetic engineers to cut up DNA in a controlled way

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7
Q

Where does a restriction enzyme cut?

A

At the specific recognition site

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8
Q

An example of recombinant DNA molecules include molecules formed by?

A

the splicing of DNA from one species into that of a second species.

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9
Q

Another name for a restriction enzyme is?

A

Endonuclease

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10
Q

Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at particular sequence of bases called the?

A

Recognition sequence

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11
Q

Amplification of DNA in the polymerase chain reaction requires?

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that is used to join fragments of DNA from different sources?

A

ligase

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13
Q

What is annealing?

A

When two matching ‘sticky ends’ come together they join by base pairing

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14
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Circles of DNA found within bacterial cells

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15
Q

Is the bacterial plasmid seperate from the DNA responsible for the bacterias phenotype?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are plasmids used for?

A

To produce specific proteins for the bacteria

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17
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

A technique that seperates large molecules (nucleic acids or protein) on the basis of their size, electric charge and physical properties

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18
Q

What is the gel covered in, in gel electrophoresis?

A

A buffer solution

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer solution?

A
  • stop gel from melting
  • allow current to move along the gel
  • maintain pH of DNA
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20
Q

Do large molecules move faster or slower through the gel?

A

Slower

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21
Q

What gel is used in electrophoresis?

A

Agrose gel

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22
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase chain reaction

23
Q

What is pcr?

A

A process of DNA replication in a laboratory setting

24
Q

What does the process of pcr require?

A
  • free nucleotides
  • original DNA sample
  • rna/ DNA primers
  • taq polymerase
25
Q

Where does taq polymerase come from?

A

A bacterial enzyme from hot springs

26
Q

What is a vector?

A

A self replicating DNA molecule used to transmit a gene from one organism into another

27
Q

What properties must vectors have?

A
  • be able to replicate in host
  • have on or more sites at which a restriction enzyme can cut
  • have a genetic marker so it can be identified
28
Q

Are plasmids stable?

A

Yes

29
Q

Why are plasmids stable?

A

Cause they are circular and can easily be transferred form one bacteria to another

30
Q

What is a plasmid that has been genetically altered called?

A

Recombinant DNA

31
Q

What is the organism called when recombinant DNA which was a genetically altered plasmid is paced in a bacteria?

A

Transgenic organism

32
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

Are species that have been modified by bringing in the DNA of a different species

33
Q

What is the difference between a GMO and transgenic organism?

A

Transgenic organisms bring in DNA from another species whereas gmos are organisms that have had their own DNA altered

34
Q

What are ways a plasmid can be transferred to a bacteria?

A
  • transformation solution
  • shock treatment
  • agar pates
35
Q

What is a transformation solution?

A

A solution usually calcium chloride that the bacteria is placed in

36
Q

What does the transformation solution do?

A

Makes the bacteria’s cellular structure more permeable and plasmids can move in and out more easily

37
Q

What is the process of shock treatment?

A

The bacteria and plasmids are mixed together in test tubes, then placed in ice baths, then warmed and back into ice

38
Q

What is the purpose of shock treatment?

A

Allows bacteria to take up plasmids

39
Q

What is the process using agar plates?

A

Bacteria are placed on different agar plates these plates are treated so bacteria growth can be analysed

40
Q

What is rational drug design?

A

The process of designing drugs that will have an effect on a normal cellular process

41
Q

What is a well in electrophoresis?

A

Holes made in the gel with a comb acting as a reservoir for the DNA solution

42
Q

What is a DNA marker in gel electrophoresis?

A

A mixture or DNA molecules with the known molecular weights (size) are often run in one lane

43
Q

What is the purpose of DNA markers in gel electrophoresis?

A

They are used to estimate the size of the DNA in the sample lane

44
Q

What charge does DNA have?

A

Negatively charges because of the phosphate

45
Q

What is the first step of pcr?

A

The DNA sample is heated to temps around 98 so they are denatured and strands seperate

46
Q

What is the second step of pcr?

A

The sample is cooled and primers anneal to strands

47
Q

What is the third step of pcr?

A

Free nucleotides and the enzyme taq polymerase are added at 78 degrees. The taq polymerase binds to the primers and extends

48
Q

After one cycle how many strands of DNA are there?

A

2 copies of original DNA

49
Q

During an experiment a controlled variable is kept?

A

Constant

50
Q

When graphing results what axis is the independent variable found on?

A

Horizontal

51
Q

When graphing results what axis is the dependent variable found on?

A

Vertical

52
Q

During PCR what temperature is ideal for the extension stage?

A

72 degrees

53
Q

What is the purpose of a primer?

A

To act as a short sequence of nucleotides that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis

54
Q

What is a non ethical consideration of genetic screening of newborn babies?

A

The cost

3/4 Biology (7 decks)

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