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3/4 Biology > Movement Across Membranes > Flashcards

Movement Across Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher concentration to a lower concentration

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2
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No

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3
Q

What can affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, distance moved, surface area, barriers, temperature

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4
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Molecules can move directly through the membrane without assistance

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5
Q

What are examples of molecules that use simple diffusion?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood

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6
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Carrier proteins allow large lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross the membrane by simple be transported into the cell

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7
Q

What is an example of a molecule that requires facilitated diffusion?

A

The transport of glucose into red blood cells

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8
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

No

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9
Q

What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?

A

Channels (hydrophilic pores) in the membrane allow inorganic ions to pass through the membrane

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10
Q

What is an example of a molecule requiring channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?

A

Potassium ions exiting nerve cells to restore resting potential

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11
Q

What do simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion have in common?

A

None require energy

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12
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient across a partially permeable membrane

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13
Q

Where does the energy required for active transport come from?

A

ATP

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14
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Tri Phosphate

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15
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Because molecules are being moved against their concentration gradient

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16
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

A

For primary active transport ATP is used directly whereas for secondary energy is stored in the concentration gradient

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17
Q

Is ATP directly used in secondary active transport?

A

No

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18
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Provides strength and a fixed shape

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19
Q

What structures make up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipids

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20
Q

What are the functions of glycoproteins?

A

Play an important role in cellular recognition and immune responses. Helps stabilise the membrane structure

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21
Q

What is the function of glycolipids?

A

They act as surface receptors and stabilise the membrane. Also have the role in helping cells aggregate in the formation of tissues

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22
Q

Where are peripheral proteins located on the membrane?

A

Are stuck to the surface of the membrane

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23
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?

A

Cholesterol disturbs the close packing of phospholipids and keeps the membrane more fluid

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24
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

26
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water attracting

27
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water repelling

28
Q

What is the tail of a phospholipid made up of?

A

Fatty acids

29
Q

What is the head of a phospholipid made up of?

A

An alcohol and phosphate group

30
Q

Are the two tails of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

31
Q

What are 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • allows substances in and out of the cell
  • cellular communication
  • transports materials
  • surround cell organelles
32
Q

What if the function of integral proteins?

A

Helps to transport certain materials across the membrane

33
Q

What are the two types of transport across membranes?

A

Passive or active

34
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive transport does not require energy whereas active requires ATP to occur

35
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. Movement is down the concentration gradient.

36
Q

What are examples of passive transport?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

37
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against the concentration gradient. This means from low to high concentration

38
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Sodium pumps

39
Q

When is equilibrium reached?

A

When the concentration of molecules on each side of the membrane are equal at this point net movement stops

40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher to lower concentration of water molecules

41
Q

What is osmotic potential?

A

The tendency for water to move across a membrane based on te solute concentration

42
Q

Does osmosis require energy?

A

No

43
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The substance that does the dissolving

44
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

45
Q

What is a solute?

A

The particles being dissolved eg. sugar, salt

46
Q

What is solute concentrations?

A

The amount of solute in a given solution

47
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Two solutions containing the same concentrations of solutes

48
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution with less concentration of solutes than the solution in the cell

49
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution with more concentration of solutes than the solution in the cell

50
Q

What happens to a hypotonic cell?

A

Swells

51
Q

What happens to a hypertonic cell?

A

Shrinks

52
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Because the materials are moving against their concentration gradient

53
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

Harness the energy of ATP to pump molecules from a low to high concentration

54
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The movement of large amounts of materials to the outside of the cell

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The intake of large molecules by the cell

56
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

57
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The intake of fluids

58
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The intake of solids

59
Q

Does endocytosis and exocytosis require energy?

A

Yes

60
Q

What does a glycoprotein enable?

A

Cell to cell communication

3/4 Biology (7 decks)

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