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3/4 Biology > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Involves processes responsible for maintaining a relatively constant environment. It provides cells with a relatively stable environment so that cells can function properly

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2
Q

In animals what are the two ways in which a chemical message can occur?

A
  • nervous system- synapse

- endocrine system- hormones

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3
Q

What is action potential?

A

Nerve impulse

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4
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • inter/ relay
  • motor/ effector
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5
Q

What are the types of cell signalling molecules?

A
  • steroid hormone
  • simple gases
  • neurotransmitters
  • peptide hormones + growth factors
  • fatty acid derivatives
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6
Q

What’s an example of a steroid hormone?

A

Progesterone

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7
Q

What is an example of a simple gas?

A

Nitric oxide

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8
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter?

A

Adrenaline

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9
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone or growth factor?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What is an example of a fatty acid derivative?

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Regulates the body’s processes by releasing chemical messages called hormones into the bloodstream

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12
Q

How can the endocrine system be stimulated?

A

Hormonal, humoral or neural stimulus

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13
Q

What are the two major types of hormones?

A
  • amino acid/ polypeptide-membrane receptors

- steroids- soluble in lipids

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14
Q

What is it called when multiple reactions occur as a result of others?

A

Cascade effect

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15
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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16
Q

Are large peptide hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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17
Q

Are steroids able to pass through the membrane?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Are large peptide hormones able to move through the membrane?

A

No

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19
Q

What are the different types of pheromones?

A

Trail,alarm, territorial, sex

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20
Q

Which are the major cells that secrete cytokines?

A

White blood cells (immune cells)

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21
Q

What are the effects cytokines can have?

A

Stimulatory, inhibitory, regulatory

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22
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Are chemical signalling molecules for communication between members of one animal species

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23
Q

How do neurotransmitters move across across the synaptic cleft?

A
  • neutron is stimulated, it’s nerve impulse in the form of an electrical signal along the axon
  • vesicles form containing neurotransmitters
  • impulse is transmitted across the synaptic cleft by neurotransmitter molecules released from vesicles in the pre-synaptic neutron
  • The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the post-synaptic neuron
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24
Q

Neurotransmitters are the chemical signalling molecules of which type of cells?

A

Nerve cells

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25
Q

What are the two types of signalling of nerve cells?

A
  • communication within a nerve cell, known as action potential
  • communication between nerve cells uses chemical signals known as neurotransmitters
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26
Q

How do hormones travel to their target cell?

A

Via the bloodstream

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27
Q

How do hydrophilic hormones reach target cells?

A

Through the blood from site of production to specific target

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28
Q

How do hydrophobic hormones reach target cells?

A

They are transported through the blood but are attached to a protein carrier

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29
Q

Are amino acid derivatives hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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30
Q

Are lipid-derived hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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31
Q

Are peptide and protein hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

32
Q

Do hydrophobic hormones directly or indirectly activate genes?

A

Directly

33
Q

Do hydrophilic hormones directly or indirectly activate genes?

A

Indirectly

34
Q

Can polar signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

No

35
Q

Can non polar signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

Yes

36
Q

Can hydrophilic signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

No

37
Q

Can hydrophobic signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are the name of receptors located on the cell membrane called?

A

Cell-surface receptors

39
Q

What are the names of the receptors located either in the cytosol or nucleus of the target cell called?

A

Intracellular receptors

40
Q

What are the three stages of cellular communication?

A

Signal reception, signal transduction, cellular response

41
Q

How is the signal travelled in the endocrine system?

A

Long-distance travel

42
Q

How is the signal travelled in the paracrine system?

A

Travel to nearby cells

43
Q

How are signals travelled in the autocrine system?

A

One cell receives the same signal

44
Q

What is the reception stage?

A

A signal from the cells external environment

45
Q

What is the transduction stage?

A

Transduction of the signal into a form that can bring about a cellular response

46
Q

What is the cellular response stage?

A

Cellular response to the signal that comprises physical, biochemical or physiological changes brought about by the effector proteins in the cell

47
Q

What are the two types of receptors called?

A

Cell surface and intracellular receptors

48
Q

Where are cell surface receptors located?

A

Located on the membrane

49
Q

Where are intracellular receptors located?

A

Either the cytosol or nucleus

50
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

A process that converts a signal from outside the cell into a response within the cell

51
Q

When doe signal transduction begin?

A

After a signalling molecule bonds to its specific receptor, changing its shape and activating it

52
Q

What are some major differences between plant and animal hormones?

A

Animal are produced by glands
plant are mainly produced by cells in growing areas
Animal hormones typically travel via the bloodstream whilst plants usually travel by the phloem tissue

53
Q

What are auxins responsible for?

A

Cell division and growth in cell size

54
Q

What cytokinins responsible for?

A

Increase in cell division

55
Q

What are gibberellins responsible for?

A

Cell division and growth in cell size

56
Q

What is abscisic acid responsible for?

A

Dormancy

57
Q

What is ethylene responsible for?

A

Ageing

58
Q

What stimulates the ripening of mature fruits?

A

Ethylene

59
Q

What promotes lengthening of the stem?

A

Auxin and gibberellic acid

60
Q

Where are cytokinins made?

A

Young fruits

61
Q

Where are auxin and gibberellic acid made?

A

Young leaves and buds

62
Q

What does a release of abscisic acid do?

A

Causes the closure of stomata

63
Q

In what direction do auxins travel?

A

From shoot to root

64
Q

What is a tropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to a stimulus

65
Q

What are two examples of a stimulus that results in the growth of a plant?

A

Water and light

66
Q

Does auxin travel to the light or shaded side of a plant?

A

Shaded

67
Q

What occurs when there is an increase in auxin cells in shaded area?

A

Causes cells to elongate to a greater degree than those in light area

68
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A process that is genetically controlled and highly regulated cell destruction

69
Q

What is the role of apoptosis?

A

Ensure balance between cell production and cell lose

70
Q

What are the plant hormones?

A

Auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid

71
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Unplanned cell death such as that occuring when cells suffer trauma and die prematurely

72
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis is planned while necrosis is unplanned

73
Q

What is the negative feedback system?

A

A system where the response to a particular stimulus reversed the direction of that stimulus

74
Q

What is a pheromone?

A

A signalling molecule produced by a cell that attaches to a specific receptor and triggers a specific response

75
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The series of events that occur after the receipt of a specific signal and which result in a response

76
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

3/4 Biology (7 decks)

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