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Biology A level > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s replication?

A

Making more DNA (exact copy), via the enzyme DNA polymerase

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2
Q

What’s transcription?

A

Synthesising RNA from the code on the DNA, via the enzyme DNA polymerase

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3
Q

What’s translation?

A

Translating the code on the mRNA into a string of amino acids to make a protein, occurs at ribosome

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4
Q

What are DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic acids

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5
Q

What are the monomers that make polynucleotides called?

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

Parts of a nucleotide?

A

5-carbon (pentose) sugar
A Phosphate group
Organic nitrogenous base

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7
Q

Structure of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar in centre, base and phosphate group on other ends

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8
Q

What elements are in nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen and phosphorus

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9
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds?

A

covalent bond between phosphate group at C5, and OH group of another sugar at C3, formed by condensation reaction

Forms long strong sugar Phosphate back bone

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10
Q

How are phosphodiester bonds broken?

A

Condensation reaction

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11
Q

What’s the sugar in DNA called?

A

Deoxyribose

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12
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Single carbon ring structures

Thymine and cytosine

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13
Q

What are purines?

A

Double carbon ring structures

Adenine and guanine

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14
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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15
Q

Complementary base pairing?

A

Adenine to Thymine

Cytosine to Guanine

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16
Q

How many hydrogen Bonds between AT?

A

2

17
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds between CG?

A

3

18
Q

What’s a DNA double helix?

A

2 strands of nucleotides hydrogen bonded by bases, they run in antiparallel

19
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA?

A

In DNA bases are AT CG
In RNA bases are AU CG

deoxyribose sugar in DNA
ribose in RNA

DNA double stranded
RNA usually single stranded

20
Q

What’s gout?

A

Excess purines are broken down in liver, forming uric acid

Uric acid is insoluble at lower temps, and forms crystals in joints, causing swellings

21
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), and rRNA (ribosomal)

22
Q

Function of mRNA?

A

Carries code from the gene (DNA), to the ribosome

single strand of nucleotides

23
Q

Function of tRNA?

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome, to make the protein according to the instructions of the mRNA

24
Q

Function of rRNA?

A

forms part of the ribosome

25
Q

Stages of DNA replication?

A

DNA double helix unwinds and unzips
Hydrogen bonds between bases break
The enzyme for unwinding and breaking H bonds is helicase
Free DNA nucleotides bond by the base pairing rule onto the exposed bases of the original DNA
Hydrogen bonds form between the base pairs
The sugar of one and phosphate group of the next nucleotide are joined by covalent bonds, forming new sugar phosphate backbone (DNA polymerase)

26
Q

Why is DNA replication semi conservative?

A

As each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new

27
Q

Where is the OH group bonded to the sugar?

A

3’ end

28
Q

Where is phosphate attached to sugar?

A

5’ end

29
Q

Where will DNA polymerase only bind to, and therefore which direction can DNA replication only occur?

A

Attaches at 3’ end, so can only replicate, 5’ to 3’

This is called the leading strand, and has continuous replication

30
Q

What’s the lagging strand?

A

Strand unzipped from 5’ end, has discontinuous replication

31
Q

How is the lagging strand replicated?

A

With Okazaki fragments, joined together by ligase enzymes

32
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Very long DNA molecules

33
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of the DNA in the chromosomes

34
Q

What’s the place on chromosome where a gene lies called?

A

It’s locus

35
Q

What do the sequences of bases in a gene code for?

A

sequence of amino acids (primary structure) of protein

36
Q

Stages of transcription?

A

Helicase enzyme, break hydrogen bonds in gene required

Free mRNA nucleotides Hydrogen bond to exposed bases of the antisense strand

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

Complementary strand of mRNA is formed by the enzyme RNA polymerase joining the mRNA nucleotides together

mRNA carries copy of base sequence on the gene to the ribosome, by leaving the nuclear pore

37
Q

What occurs in translation?

A

mRNA attaches to ribosome

tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to line up with start codon

Codon = 3 bases connected

Another tRNA brings next amino acid

Peptide bond is formed between first and second amino acid, catalysed by peptidyl transferase

Carries on creating a polypeptide

38
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

50% protein and 50% rRNA

Binding sites for mRNA and tRNA

Biology A level (19 decks)

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