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Biology A level > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipid uses?

A 
Respiration
Energy storage
Membranes
Thermal insulation
Electrical insulation- some nerve cells
Protection- (organs)
Hormones
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2
Q

What’s the lipid energy storage in animals?

A

adipose tissue

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3
Q

What’s the lipid energy storage in plants?

A

lipid droplets

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4
Q

Name of lipid structure?

A

Large complex macromolecules

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5
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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6
Q

Do lipids dissolve in water?

A

No, as they are non polar, as electrons are distributed evenly

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7
Q

What do lipids dissolve in?

A

Organic solvents such as alcohol

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8
Q

3 types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols

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9
Q

Functions of triglyceride?

A

Energy storage

Making membrane lipids (phospholipids)

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10
Q

Triglyceride structure?

A

1 glycerol unit+3 fatty acid side chains

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11
Q

Structure of a fatty acid?

A

Hydrocarbon chain (fatty), bonded to a carboxylic acid group at one end (-COOH), (double bond with oxygen), and at the other end bonded to a methyl group (CH3)

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12
Q

What’s a saturated fatty acid?

A

No carbon to carbon double bonds, all carbons in hydrocarbon surrounded by hydrogens

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13
Q

What’s an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Double bonds between carbons in hydrocarbon

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14
Q

What’s a hydrocarbon?

A

Chain of carbon atoms bonded together with hydrogen atoms bonded to each side of the carbons

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15
Q

Glycerol definition?

A

3 carbon alcohol, that fatty acids join onto to form a triglyceride

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16
Q

Structure of glycerol?

A

3 carbons surrounded by hydrogens, apart from on one side they are each bonded to a hydroxide

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17
Q

What’s an ester bond?

A

Bond formed when an organic acid joins to an alcohol by a condensation reaction, so the OH groups interact

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18
Q

When does an ester bond occur?

A

The formation of a triglyceride, 3 fatty acids join to 1 glycerol, forming 3H2O

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19
Q

Why can triglycerides be different?

A

Hyrdocarbon chains different lengths, and saturated/unsaturated, essential/non essential, each double bond forms a kink in fatty acid tail

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20
Q

What process breaks down triglycerides?

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

What does the double bond in unsaturated fatty acids do?

A

Makes them kink

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22
Q

What does a kink in the chain do?

A

Cannot pack tightly together so are liquid at room temp, so they are oils instead of fats, which are mainly found in plants

23
Q

What’s the difference between poly and mono saturated fats?

A

Mono only has 1 double bond, poly has many

24
Q

Why are triglycerides insoluble in water?

A

Methyl group at one end of fatty acid makes it hydrophobic

Charges are distributed evenly around triglyceride, so hydrogen bonds can’t form, so they are non polar and hydrohphobic

25
Q

Why is it good triglycerides are insoluble?

A

So they don’t effect the water potentials of cells

26
Q

What type of energy is released when triglycerides are respired?

A

ATP, twice as much energy as carbohydrates

27
Q

What are triglycerides broken down by?

A

Hydrolysis, 3H20 added

28
Q

What are the products when triglycerides are broken down?

A

Carbon dioxide, and lots of water, more than when carbs broken down

29
Q

What’s the water called produced when triglycerides hydrolysis occurs?

A

Metabolic water

30
Q

Who is metabolic water essential for?

A

desert animals

31
Q

Structure of a phospholipid?

A

the same as a triglyceride except a fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group (PO4 3-), which could be bonded to another molecule

32
Q

Why can a phospholipids tail and head have different solubility?

A

it’s long enough

33
Q

Why is the head of a phospholipid (phosphate group) hydrophilic?

A

Has extra electrons, this charge allows the head to mix with water molecules (polar)

34
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

attracted to water

35
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

repelled by water

36
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

Head (phosphate group)

37
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

Tail

38
Q

Functions of phospholipids?

A

Form membrane bilayers
Can change membrane fluidity by increasing the number of unsaturated fatty acids
May have carbohydrate attached to phosphate head forming a glycolipid which is involved in cell signalling

39
Q

What happens when phospholipids are mixed with water?

A

Form a layer on the surface of the water-fatty acid tails stick out of the water
Meaning phospholipid are called surfactants

40
Q

What type of structures can phospholipid form?

A

Bi-layers- 2 layers of phospholipids with tails facing each other (membrane structure)

Micelles- Single layer with tails pointing inwards

Membranes that separate cell contents from cytosol

Form membranes around organelles

41
Q

What are sterols?

A

Based on complex alcohol with 4 carbon ring structure, with OH attached at one end
Like phospholipid they have a polar and a non polar end

42
Q

Example of a sterol?

A

Cholesterol

43
Q

Where is Cholesterol made?

A

In liver cells and intestines- transported in the blood, it has a vital role in membranes

44
Q

What steroid hormones are made from cholesterol?

A

Testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

45
Q

What vitamin is made from Cholesterol?

A

D

46
Q

What substance used in emulsification is made by Cholesterol?

A

Bile

47
Q

Where is Cholesterol found in a membrane?

A

Between phospholipid tails in the phospholipid bi-layer

48
Q

What does cholesterol do in the membrane?

A

Binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane and prevents the membrane becoming too fluid

Prevents fatty acids getting too close together and crystallising, so keeps it fluid

49
Q

What’s helpful about hormones being lipids?

A

Can pass through membranes, to reach receptor molecules in nucleus to trigger a response

50
Q

What’s the emulsion test?

A

Ethanol is added to the lipid and mixed
The mixture is poured into a tube of water and shaken
A white emulsion will form on the top if a lipid is present

51
Q

What’s a macromolecule?

A

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms

52
Q

What does monounsaturated mean?

A

Only one carbon double bond

53
Q

Name of bond between fatty acid and glycerol?

A

ester bond

Biology A level (19 decks)

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