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Biology A level > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of cells organic matter is carbohydrates?

A

10%

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2
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Respiration

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3
Q

What are the elements in a carbohydrate molecule?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon

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4
Q

What’s the general formula for a carbohydrate?

A

Cx(H2O)y

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

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6
Q

What’s a monosaccharide?

A

Contains one monomer eg. Glucose

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7
Q

What’s a disaccharide??

A

Contains 2 monomers eg. Maltose

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8
Q

What’s a polysaccharide?

A

Contains many monomers, eg. starch

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?

A

Triose, Pentose, Hexose

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10
Q

What’s a triose monosaccharide?

A

3 Carbon sugar

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11
Q

Example of a triose monosaccharide?

A

Triose phosphate

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12
Q

What does triose phosphate do?

A

Intermediate in respiration

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13
Q

What’s a pentose monosaccharide?

A

A 5 carbon sugar

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14
Q

Example of a pentose monosaccharide?

A

Ribose, or deoxyribose

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15
Q

What does ribose do?

A

Found in nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

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16
Q

Example of a hexose monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What’s a hexose monosaccharide?

A

6 Carbon sugar

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18
Q

What does glucose do?

A

Respiratory substrate, and blood sugar

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19
Q

Which is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Hexose

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20
Q

General formula for a hexose?

A

XC 2XH XO, so twice as many hydrogens as water nd oxygen

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21
Q

Are hexose’s soluble in water?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Why it important hexose’s are soluble?

A

So the glucose can be dissolved in the cytosol

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23
Q

What forms between the hydroxyl groups and water molecules in a hexose?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose?

A

Alpha and Beta

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25
Q

Difference between Alpha and Beta glucose?

A

In Alpha glucose, the hydroxide is bellow Carbon 1, in Beta glucose it’s above Carbon 1

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26
Q

How are monosaccharides joined together?

A

A condensation reaction, the 2 hydroxyl groups interact, and water is lost and they becoming bonded together by an oxygen

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27
Q

What’s a condensation reaction

A

Where water is removed to create a bond

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28
Q

What’s created when 2 monosaccharides join together?

A

A disaccharide is formed

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29
Q

What’s the bond called when 2 monosaccharides join together?

A

A glycosidic bond

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30
Q

When 2 alpha glucose monosaccharides are joined together what’s the bond called?

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

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31
Q

What are 2 other hexose sugars?

A

Fructose and Galactose?

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32
Q

Where’s fructose found?

A

Fruits

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33
Q

Where is galactose found?

A

Milk

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34
Q

What’s formed when 2 Alpha glucoses bond together?

A

Maltose (disaccharide)

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35
Q

What’s formed when Alpha glucose and Fructose bond together?

A

Sucrose (disaccharide)

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36
Q

What’s formed when Alpha glucose and galactose bond together?

A

Lactose (disaccharide)

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37
Q

What is created when many monosaccharides are bonded together by glycosidic bonds?

A

Polysaccharides

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38
Q

What joins the monosaccharides together?

A

Enzymes

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39
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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40
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Many alpha glucose monosaccharides

41
Q

What is starch used as?

A

Carbohydrate storage in plants

42
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

Many Alpha glucose monomers

43
Q

What’s glycogen used as?

A

Carbohydrate storage in animals

44
Q

What’s cellulose made up of?

A

Many Beta glucose monomers

45
Q

What’s cellulose used for?

A

Plant cell walls

46
Q

What polymers does starch consist of?

A

Amylose, and amylopectin

47
Q

Structure of amylose?

A

Long straight chain

48
Q

Structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched

49
Q

What is amylose made up of?

A

Many Alpha glucose monomers

50
Q

Where is the glycosidic bond in amylose?

A

From Carbon 1 in one monomer, to Carbon 4 in the next, (Alpha glucose 1-4 glycosidic bond

51
Q

Why do the long straight chains of amylose coil up into a helix?

A

Due to the angle of the 1-4 glycosidic bond

52
Q

What holds the amylose helix in place?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What do the coils do in amylose when iodine is added?

A

They trap the iodine, turning it blue/black, (a positive starch result)

54
Q

How to draw a hexose monomer?

A

Draw 2 x’s and connect them
Go to the very right and label the corner carbon 1, go around the monomer clockwise, labelling the carbons
At carbon 5 draw a chimney for carbon 6
Between carbon 5 and carbon 1 there is an oxygen not a corner
On right side it depends if hydrogen or hydroxide is on top, because it could be alpha or beta glucose
At left side hydroxide always at bottom

55
Q

What types of glycosidic bonds does amylopectin have?

A

1-4, and 1-6 (causes branched structure)

56
Q

How often do the 1-6 glycosidic bonds occur in amylopectin?

A

Every 25 glucose sub units

57
Q

Does glycogen have shorter or longer 1-4 alpha chains than amylopectin?

A

Shorter

58
Q

Does glycogen have more or less branched 1-6 bonds than amylopectin?

A

More

59
Q

Is it glycogen more or less compact than starch?

A

More

60
Q

What does glycogen being compact mean?

A

Less space needed for storage than plants, important for animals as they are mobile

61
Q

Why is glycogen insoluble?

A

So it doesn’t effect the water potential of the cell

62
Q

Why are glycogen and starch good storage molecules?

A

Glucose is held in branched chains, which can be readily broken off, and released

63
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

When water is added to break a bond

64
Q

When does hydrolysis occur?

A

Digestion

65
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Tri Phosphate

66
Q

What is ATP?

A

A molecule that holds small amounts of energy, which can be released for cellular reactions

67
Q

When is ATP made?

A

During respiration

68
Q

How is ATP made?

A

Glucose bonds broken down by enzymes to release enough chemical energy to synthesise ATP

69
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

Cell mitochondria

70
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver and muscle cells

71
Q

Where is starch stored?

A

In chloroplasts and starch grains

72
Q

Features of cellulose?

A

Straight chain of B glucose

Stronger than amylose

73
Q

In glucose monomers, what does have the hydroxides on the outside create?

A

Hydrogen bonding

74
Q

What’s a microfibril?

A

When 60-70 cellulose molecules (straight chains), become cross linked by hydrogen bonds

75
Q

What’s a macrofibril?

A

When microfibrils are held together by more hydrogen bonds

76
Q

What do the cellulose fibres in the cell wall do?

A

Give the cell strength

Prevent the cell from bursting

77
Q

What do macrofibrils do?

A

Help in the opening and closing of stomata

Allows water to move through and along the cell walls

78
Q

Name 2 other polysaccharides?

A

Chitin, peptdoglycan

79
Q

What is chitin found in?

A

Fungi cell wall

Insect exo skeleton

80
Q

What is peptidoglycan found in?

A

Bacterial cell walls

81
Q

What’s a reducing sugar?

A

The molecule can react with other molecules, by giving them an electron (all monosaccharides, and most disaccharides)

82
Q

How to test for reducing sugars?

A

Heat with benedict’s solution (alkaline copper sulfate), If positive solution will go from blue, to brick red (due to a precipitate being formed (qualitative)

83
Q

What’s a non reducing sugar?

A

Can’t react with other molecules by donating an electron ( Sucrose)

84
Q

Why is Sucrose a non reducing sugar?

A

It’s glycosidic bond is slightly different

85
Q

How to test for non reducing sugars?

A

Make sure there are no reducing sugars in sample
Boil sample with HCl
This hydrolyses any sucrose present, splitting it into glucose and fructose monosaccharides
Cool solution then neutralise with sodium carbonate solution
Carry out reducing sugars test again

86
Q

What’s the test for starch?

A

Add iodine, if starch is present, a blue/black colour will appear

87
Q

Why do simple sugars release energy easily?

A

They are small simple molecules

88
Q

Why are complex sugars less ready to release energy than simple sugars?

A

More stable, and compact

89
Q

What is a colorimeter?

A

A device which measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution (quantitative))

90
Q

What’s the beer lambert law?

A

The concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance

91
Q

What holds the working solution in a colorimeter?

A

A curvette

92
Q

What measures the transmitted light in a colorimeter?

A

A Photo resistor

93
Q

Method for using a colorimeter?

A

A filter is selected which will give the max absorbance for the solution being tested
Colorimeter is set to measure absorbance
A cuvette is filled with a reference solution (usually water)
R button is used to bring calorimeter to zero
Cuvette filled with test solution, T is pressed to measure absorbance

94
Q

The relationship between light absorbency and concentration?

A

The more concentrated a solution, the more light it will absorb, and less it will transmit

95
Q

What’s a calibration curve?

A

A plot of values of light transmission against concentration

96
Q

Equation for transmission to absorbance?

A

Absorbance= 2-(concentration % x T)

97
Q

Why does as the concentration of glucose increases, the absorbency decreases?

A

Because a higher concentration of glucose means more copper ions form a brick red precipitate which is then is filtered out, so there are less Cu2+ ions to absorb the light

98
Q

What’s a biosensor?

A

Uses enzyme controlled reactions, to detect the presence of a substance in a highly sensitive and specific way (quantitative)

99
Q

What’s clinistix?

A

Strip which can show the concentration of glucose with a colour code (Semi quantitative )

Biology A level (19 decks)

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