Nucleic Acids Flashcards
What biochemical processes do nucleotides take part in?
Nearly all
What are nucleotides structurally?
Phosphate waters of pentane sugars where a nitrogenous base is linked to carbon atom 1 of the sugar residue and a phosphate group is linked to either carbon atom 5 or 3 of the sugar residue.
What bonds form between nucleotides and how?
Covalent bonds formed by condensation reactions
Name the four main things nucleotides do?
Form monomers of nucleic acid, DNA and RNA
Become phosphorylated nucleotides when they contain more than one phosphate group
Help regulate many metabolic pathways
May be the component of many coenzymes
What is the nucleotide pentose sugar is?
Ribose
What in DNA is the nucleotide pentane sugar?
Deoxyribose
Nucleotides become a phosphorylated nucleotides when they contain more than one phosphate group.
Give an example of this?
ADP and ATP
What is ADP real name?
Adenosine diphosphate
What is ATP real name?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is ATP and what’s it used for?
ATP is an energy-rich end-product of most energy-releasing biochemical pathways
Used to drive more energy-requiring metabolic processes in cells.
Help regulate many metabolic pathways give examples?
ATP, ADP and AMP
What’s AMP real name?
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenine nucleotides are components of which coenzymes?
NADP
NAD
FAD
What is NADP real name?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
What is NADP used in?
Photosynthesis and respiration
Nucleotides are?
Molecules consisting of a five-carbons sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous group.
What are the four bases?
AT
CG
A base is?
Adenine
C base is?
Cytosine
G base is?
Guanine
T base is?
Thymine
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus
What is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm
What type of microorganism is DNA in?
Fungi
Bacteria
Some viruses
What type of material is DNA?
Hereditary
What does DNA carry?
Coded instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.
What is DNA one of the most important?
Macromolecules that make up structure of living organisms.
What are the other important macromolecules that make up the structure of living organisms?
Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
Is DNA a monomer or a polymer?
A polymer
Why is DNA a polymer?
It is made up of many repeating monitored units (nucleotides)
What does DNA consist of?
Two polynucleotide strands
Define polynucleotide
Large molecule containing many nucleotides
Define macromolecules?
very large molecule commonly created by polymerization of smaller monomers
What direction do the two strands of DNA run in?
Opposite directions
Antiparallel
What does each DNA nucleotide consist of?
A phosphate group, deoxyribose and one of the four bases.
What is deoxyribose?
A five-carbon sugar
What type of bond is there between the sugar residue and the phosphate group in a nucleotide?
Covalent bond
Phosphodiester
When are phosphodiester bond broken?
When polynucleotides break down
When are phosphodiester formed?
When polynucleotides are synthesised
What length are DNA molecules?
Long
What does the length of DNA molecules allow?
They can carry a lot of encoded genetic information
How many different type of nucleotides does DNA consist of?
Four
What is the same in all nucleotides?
Phosphate and sugar groups
What differs in the type of nucleotide?
The nitrogenous bases differ
What are the four types of nucleotide?
Purine
Adenine or guanine (two rings)
Pyramidine thymine or cytosine (one ring)
How are the two Antiparallel DNA strands jointed together between bases?
Hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds does Adenine with thymine take?
Two
How many hydrogen bonds does Guanine with cytosine take?
Three
What does a purine always pair up with?
A pyramidine giving equal rungs of the DNA ladder
What can the rungs on the DNA do?
Twist into double helix
What does the double helix shape give?
Stability
What do the hydrogen bond allow the molecule to do?
Unzip for transcription and replication
How is the upright part of the large DNA molecules resembling a ladder formed?
Sugar-phosphate backbones of the Antiparallel polynucleotide strands
What do the opposite directions of the two strands refer to?
The direction the 3rd and 5th carbon molecules on deoxyribose are facing
What happens at 5 carbon end of the molecule?
The phosphate group is attached to the fifth carbon atom of the deoxyribose sugar