Biological Molecules :). Flashcards
Name some important functions of water?
Reactant Solvent Transports substances Helps with temperature control Habitat
How is water being a reactant useful?
It’s in lots of important chemical reactants including hydrolysis reactions
What’s a solvent?
Something with substances dissolved in it
Where do mort biological reactions take place?
In solution (e.g. Cytoplasm of eukaryotes and prokaryotic cells) so water essential
What causes water be able to transport substances?
It’s liquid and a solvent so materials like glucose and oxygen can be be dissolved and carried around plants and animals
Why does water help with temperate control?
It has a specific heat capacity and a high latent heat of evaporation
How come water can be a habitat?
Helps with temperature control
Solvent
Becomes less dense when freezes so many many organisms can survive and reproduce in it
Molecule of water?
One oxygen (O) joined to two atoms of hydrogen (H2) shared by electrons
Why is the other side of each hydrogen atom left with a slight positive charge?
Shared negative hydrogen electrons pulled towards oxygen atom so other side of hydrogen left slightly positive
What does the unpaired negative electrons in oxygen give it?
A slightly negative charge
Why is water polar?
Has partial negative charge on one side and a partial positive charge on the other.
What do slightly-negatively charged oxygen do to the slightly positively-charged hydrogen atoms of the other water molecules?
Attract them
What’s the attraction called?
Hydrogen bonding and gives water some of its useful properties
What’s specific heat capacity?
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1oC
Why does water have a high heat capacity?
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb a lot of energy so water has a high specific heat capacity so takes s lot of energy to heat up
Why is water a good habitat?
Doesn’t experience rapid temperature changes
Temperate under water likely to be more stable than on land
How much energy to break a hydrogen bond between water molecules?
Lots
Lot of energy used up when water evaporates water property?
High latent heat of evaporation
Why do mammals sweat when hot ?
Waters great at cooling things
Cools surface of the skin
What is cohesion?
Attraction between molecules of same type
Why are water molecules very cohesive?
Polar
What’s does the cohesive of water help?
Water to flow making great for transporting substances. Helps water transported up plant stems in transpiration stream
What are a lot of important substances in biological reactions?
Ionic
What’s ionic?
Made from positively charged atoms or molecules and one negatively-charged atom or molecule
Salt is made from?
A positive sodium ion and a negative chloride ion
What happens because water is polar?
Slightly positive end of water molecule will be attracted to the negative ion and the slightly negative end of water molecule will be attracted to the positive ion they will dissolve
What makes water useful as a solvent in living organisms?
It’s polarity
E.g. Humans important ions can dissolve in water in blood and be transported around the body
What happens to water at low temperature?
Freezes turns from liquid to solid
How far are water molecules held in ice compared to liquid water?
Further
Why does ice float?
water molecules form four hydrogen bonds up other water molecules making a lattice shape making ice less dense than liquid water
Why is water less dense than solid useful to living organisms?
In cold temperatures ice forms insulating layer on top of water- the water doesn’t freeze so organism that live in water don’t freeze and can still move around
What are most carbohydrates?
Polymers
Polymers are?
Molecule made up of monomers bonded together
Monomers make up what?
Carbohydrates called monosaccharides
What is glucose?
A six carbon monosaccharides meaning hexose monosaccharide
Two type of glucose are?
Alpha and beta
What is glucose structure related to?
It’s function as the main energy source in animals and plants
What’s does glucose structure make it?
Soluble
Easily transported
Chemical bonds contain lots of energy
What is ribose?
A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms
Pentose monosaccharide
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
For every carbon atom in carbohydrate usually how many oxygen and hydrogen are there usually?
2 Hydrogen
1 Oxygen
How are monosaccharides joined together?
By glucosidic bonds
What’s a condensation reaction?
During synthesis, hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide binds to a hydroxyl group on the other releasing a molecule of water
What’s hydrolysis?
Reverse of condensation
Water molecule reacts with glycosidic bond breaking it apart
What happens when two monosaccharides join together?
Disaccharide
Alpha glucose + alpha glucose ->
Maltose
Maltose
Alpha glucose + alpha glucose ->
How other disaccharides made?
In a similar way
Sucrose->
Alpha glucose + fructose
Alpha glucose + fructose
Sucrose->
Lactose
Beta glucose+ galactose->
Beta glucose+ galactose->
Lactose
Polysaccharide is?
When more than two monosaccharides are joined together
What makes amylose
Lots of alpha molecules joined together by glycosidic
Three polysaccharides you need to know about?
Starch
Glucogen
Cellulose
Where do cells get their energy from?
Glucose
How do plants store excess glucose as?
Starch
When a plant needs more glucose for energy?
It breaks down starch to release the glucose
What is starch a mix of?
Two polysaccharides of alpha-glucose amylose and amylopectin
Describe amylose?
Long in branched chain of alpha glucose
Angles of glucosidic bond give it coiled structure like cylinder
Compact
Good for storage
Why is amylose good for storage?
You can fit more into a small space
Describe amylopectin
Long branched chain of alpha glucose
Side branches allow enzymes to break down molecules to get glucosidic bonds easily meaning glucose gets released quickly
Is starch soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble in water so didn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis which would make then swell
Good for storage
Animals cells get energy from?
Glucose
How do animals store excess glucose?
As glycogen
Glycogen is?
Another polysaccharide of alpha-glucose
Structure of glycogen
Similar to amylopectin except lots more side branches coming off it
Loads of side branches mean stored glucose can be released quicker which is important for energy release
Compact
Cellulose is made of?
Long, in branched chains of beta glucose
What happens when beta-glucose molecules bond?
They form straight cellulose chains
How are cellulose chains linked together?
By hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils
What do strong fibres means for cellulose?
Provide structural support for cells
E.g. In plant cell walls
How much water in a cell?
About 80%
What are triglycerides?
Macromolecules
What are macromolecules ?
Complex molecules with relatively large molecular mass
What do all lipids contain including triglycerides ?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Basic structure of triglyceride?
One molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it
What do fatty acid molecules have?
Long tails made of hydrocarbons
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound of atoms containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
What are these fatty acid tails?
Hydrophobic
What do these tails make lipids?
Insoluble in water
What do all fatty acids have the same and what varies?
Same basic structure
Hydrocarbon tails varies
What are triglycerides synthesised?
By formation of water bond between each fatty acid and glycerol molecule
How is each ester bind of triglycerides formed?
Condensation reaction
Process in which triglycerides formed?
Esterification
When do triglycerides break down?
When esters bonds are broken. Each ester bond broken in hydrolysis reaction
Two types of fatty acids?
Saturated
Unsaturated
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Hydrocarbon tails
Saturated fatty acids bonds?
Don’t have double bonds between carbon atoms. Fatty acid saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated fatty acids bonds?
At least one double bond between carbon atoms causing chain to kink
General formula for fatty acid is?
CnH(2n+1)COOH
What are phospholipids?
Macromolecules
What are phospholipids like?
Similar to triglycerides except one of fatty acid molecules replaced by phosphate group
Phosphate group and fatty acid tail (phospholipids)?
Phosphate group is hydrophilic
Fatty acid hydrophobic
What are triglycerides used for plant and animals?
Mainly Energy store molecule
What do some bacteria use triglycerides for?
To store both both energy and carbon (mycobacterium tuberculosis does it)
Two reasons why triglycerides are good for storage?
Insoluble
Long hydrocarbon tails of fatty acid contain lots of chemical energy
Long hydrocarbon tails of fatty acid contain lots of chemical energy explain?
Load of energy released when broken down because of tails lipids contain twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrate