Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are DNA’s functions?

A

Holding code for a sequence of amino acids in a protein, replication of genes for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide

A

Pentose deoxyribose sugar (lack one oxygen compared to ribose) , phosphate and nitrogenous base (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

Adenine to Thymine/ Uracil (in RNA), Cytosine to Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A

Adenine and guanine are purines (Pure as double gold), Thymine/ uracil and cytosine are pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does cytosine and guanine make, how many does adenine and thymine/ uracil make?

A

C and G make 3 (stacked together look like 3), A and T/U make 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many rings do purines have and how many do pyrimidines have?

A

Purines= two (Pure as double gold)
Pyrimidines= one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and phosphate?

A

Phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do pair strands form?

A

A double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is DNA replication said to be?

A

Semi-conservative, there is one template strand and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stages of DNA replication

A

-DNA unwinds its double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds with helicase (helicase breaks helix)
-Both strands are now templates for new strands
-Free DNA nucleotides pair up by complimentary base pairing to the template strand
-Hydrogen bonds form and nucleotides and linked by enzyme DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the experiment where DNA replication was proven to be semiconservative

A

-Bacteria grown on N15 are put in solution, collecting at the bottom of the tube as they are heavy
-Bacteria then put in N14 solution and left to divide once
-All the DNA was in the middle, as each piece of DNA has one heavy, one light strand
-DNA left to divide again
-DNA was at top and middle, as half was light and half was heavy
-If the experiment continued, the light line on top would have been thicker, as lowly more lighter DNA would form and the original heavy DNA would stay the same amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In what way do the DNA chains run in?

A

In “anti-parallel” direction, one from 3’ to 5’ prime end, the other one from 5’ to 3’ prime end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Draw a model for semi conservative replication

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded
RIBOSE sugar (has a hydroxide group on carbon 2), phosphate, uracil, adenine, thymine or guanine base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a mRNA and its structure?

A

Messenger RNA goes from nucleus to ribosomes
Linear structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is tRNA and its structure?

A

Transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Has a clover-leaf shape

17
Q

What is rRNA and its structure?

A

Ribosome RNA, found is ribosomes
Eukaryotes have 80S

18
Q

What is DNA packages around?

A
19
Q

What is a triplet code?

A

Three bases that make up a specific amino acid

20
Q
A
21
Q

What are three bases that make up an amino acid in RNA called?

A

Codon

22
Q

Definition of a gene?

A

A sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA that code for one or more polypeptides

23
Q

Where does a gene occupy on the chromosome?

A

The locus

24
Q

What are some key features of DNA?

A

It is linear, triplet, non-overlapping (to not restrict variety in code), degenerate (most amino acids except methane have more then one code), unambiguous (one triplet makes one code) and universal (all organisms use it)

25
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

An adenine amino acid base, a ribose sugar (which make adenosine) and 3 phosphate groups

26
Q

Describe how ATP turns into ADP, and visa versa

A

-Bond between the third and second phosphate group is broken by ATPase by hydrolysis and 30.6kJ of energy is released in an exergonic reaction
-A phosphate joins the second phosphate in ADP (ADP only has two) by condensation from ATP synthase in phosphorylation in a endergonic reaction that absorbs 30.6kJ of energy

27
Q

Why is ATP known as an universal currency of the cell?

A

Its used in all reactions in all organisms
Required for active transport of molecules across membranes and induced shape changes in molecules

28
Q

What processes use ATP?

A

Muscle contraction, active transport, cellular division, metabolic processes

29
Q

What is the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis?

A

One gene codes for one polypeptide

30
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA to proteins

31
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to RNA

32
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

-DNA strand split by helicase, hydrogen bonds are broken
-One strand acts as a template
-Free RNA nucleotides bind to the template strand by complimentary base pairing, A and U, C and G
-Condensation of free nucleotides on new messenger strand with RNA polymerase to form phosphodiester bonds
-mRNA leave nucleus by pore and to ribosomes

33
Q

What happens to the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A

The introns (only found in eukaryotes, sequences that are to be removed) are removed from the mRNA strand and the exons (necessary information) are spliced together with ligase, forming a mature RNA. The introns stay in the nucleus and are used in other RNA

34
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

-The mRNA moves out nucleotides from the nucleus by nuclear pore
-mRNA attaches to ribosome
-A tRNA binds to an activated amino acid in its amino acid attachment site using ATP
-Ribosome binds to the start codon on mRNA (usually AUG)
–A tRNA that has an anti-codon complementary to the first codon on the mRNA strand with hydrogen bonds, binds to the first attachment site of the larger subunit on the ribosome and tRNA complementary to the second codon binds to the second attachment site on the ribosome through codon-anticodon interactions
-The amino acids on the tRNA joins through condensation and forms a peptide bond
-The first tRNA leaves the ribosome and amino acid, returning to the cytoplasm to looks for more of the specific amino acid
-Ribosomes moves one codon along the mRNA strand using ATP
-Another tRNA binds and cycle continues until a stop codon is reached and a polypeptide chain is made
-The polypeptides can be further modified by carbohydrates, lipids or phosphates

35
Q

What are ribosomes made of and the structure of them?

A

Made up of ribosomal RNA and protein
Has a large attachment site for tRNA carrying an amino acid and smaller attachment site for mRNA

36
Q

How is tRNA made for translation?

A

tRNA binds to an activated amino acid in its amino acid attachment site using ATP

37
Q

How is RNA structured differently to DNA?

A

It is single stranded compared to DNA which is double stranded
It has uracil base instead of thymine base which DNA has

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions