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Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of DNA nucleotides?

A

A deoxyribose sugar, an inorganic phosphate and nitrogenous base

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2
Q

What is the basic function of DNA?

A

Holds genetic information

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3
Q

What is the structure of RNA nucleotides?

A

Ribose sugar, inorganic phosphate and nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What is the basic function of RNA?

A

Transfer generic information from DNA to ribosomes

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5
Q

What are the nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?

A

Cytosine and guanine (3 hydrogen bonds between them)
Thymine and adenine (2 hydrogen bonds between them)

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6
Q

What are the nitrogenous base pairs in RNA?

A

Cytosine and guanine
Uracil and adenine

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7
Q

What bond joins nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

What reaction forms a phosphodiester bond?

A

Condensation reaction (removal of water)

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9
Q

What reaction breaks phosphodiester bonds?

A

Hydrolysis reactions (addition of water)

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10
Q

Between what compounds in a nucleotide does a phosphodiester bond form?

A

Between the pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another

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11
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • double helix
  • long
  • strands joined by H bonds
  • base pairings complimentary
  • they are anti parallel
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12
Q

What is the function of the phosphodiester backbone?

A

Gives stability and protects the less stable organic bases

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13
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of DNA and RNA.

A
  • both are polynucleotides
  • both have pentose and phosphate e backbones
  • both have nitrogenous bases (cytosine, guanine and adenine)
  • both form a helix
  • DNA has thymine whereas RNA has uracil
  • DNA has 2 strands of polynucleotides whereas RNA only has 1
  • DNA has a deoxyribose sugar whereas RNA has ribose
  • RNA is shorter than DNA
  • DNA has hydrogen bonds whereas RNA doesn’t
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14
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA

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15
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

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16
Q

Why does DNA copy itself for mitosis?

A

So daughter cells can have a full set of chromosomes

17
Q

What is the mechanism for DNA replication that is widely accepted?

A

Semi-conservative replication

18
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

Separates the 2 DNA strands before replication by breaking the hydrogen bonds

19
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

Joins together the short sections of the lagging strand

20
Q

What is the single stranded binding protein?

A

Keeps the separated DNA strands apart during replication

21
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

Catalyses the formation of a new polynucleotide strand

22
Q

How does DNA polymerase work?

A

Is complimentary to 3’ end of original strand, moves in 5’ to 3’ due to antiparallel strands it works in opposite direction

23
Q

What is the process of semiconservative DNA replication?

A
  • DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases of two polynucleotide strands
  • each strand acts as a template
  • complimentary base pairings from free nucleotides align
  • DNA polymerase joins the new strand with phosphodiester bonds through condensation reactions
  • each DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand
24
Q

Who provided evidence for semi conservative replication?

A

Meselson and Stahl

Biology (11 decks)

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