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Mass Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein with a quaternary structure with a haem group contain iron ions that carries 4 oxygen molecules in the blood

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2
Q

What is loading in haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin binding to oxygen in the lungs

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3
Q

What is unloading in haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin releasing oxygen (at respiring tissues)

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4
Q

How does affinity affect loading and unloading?

A

Haemoglobin with a high affinity loads easier whereas haemoglobin with a low affinity unloads easier

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5
Q

What are some needed features in a double circulatory system?

A
  • medium to carry materials (e.g. blood)
  • form of transport (e.g blood vessels)
  • method of moving medium (e.g. heart)
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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go to and from?

A

Goes to lungs from right ventricle

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7
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein go to and from?

A

Goes to the left atrium from the lungs

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8
Q

Where does the aorta go to and from?

A

Goes to the body from the left ventricle

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9
Q

Where does the vena cava go to and from?

A

Goes to the right atrium from the body

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10
Q

Where does the renal artery go to and from?

A

Goes to the kidney from the aorta

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11
Q

Where does the renal vein go to and from?

A

Goes to the vena cava from the kidney

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12
Q

What does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

The saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen

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13
Q

Why is an oxygen dissociation curve S shaped?

A
  • the first oxygen binds to the haemoglobin which changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin
  • making it easier for the 2nd and 3rd oxygen to bind
  • it is harder for the 4th to bind due to probability
  • positive cooperativity
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14
Q

What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A
  • curve shifts to the right
  • carbon dioxide reduces pH of blood
  • alters tertiary structure of haemoglobin
  • more unloading of oxygen at the respiring tissues
  • Bohr shift
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15
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

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16
Q

What are the 4 blood vessels at the heart?

A

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta

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17
Q

What are the valves in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve

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18
Q

What holds valves in place?

A

Tendons

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19
Q

What is the role of the septum?

A

Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing

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20
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood so they are unidirectional

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21
Q

How do valves maintain unidirectional flow?

A
  • open when pressure behind is greater than pressure infront
  • close when pressure infront is greater than pressure behind
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22
Q

What is the role of coronary arteries?

A

External arteries that supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and remove waste products

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23
Q

How long is one cardiac cycle?

A

A heartbeat

24
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

25
What is diastole?
Relaxation
26
What is step 1 of the cardiac cycle?
- atrial and ventricular diastole - blood flows in the vena cava/pulmonary vein - all valves closed
27
What is step 2 of the cardiac cycle?
- atrial systole - increased pressure in atria open AV valve - blood flows into relaxed ventricles - atria contract to force out remaining blood
28
What is step 3 of the cardiac cycle?
- ventricular systole - pressure n entries increase closing AV valve, opening semilunar valves - blood forced out into aorta, pulmonary artery
29
What happens to ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle?
- low at first - increases as fills up with blood until AV valve closes and semi lunar valve opens - decreases pressure
30
What happens to atrial pressure in the cardiac cycle?
- always relatively low - increases slightly when they fill with blood until AV valve opens and pressure decreases ad there is elastic recoil
31
What happens to aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle?
- always relatively high - rises when ventricles contract
32
What is cardiac output and the equation?
- volume of blood pumped out if the heart by one ventricle per minute - Stroke volume x Heart rate
33
What is the basic structure of al blood vessels?
- tough outer layer - muscle layer - elastic layer - endothelium - lumen
34
What are the characteristics of arteries?
- thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to control blood flow - thick elastic layer to recoil to original shape to maintain blood pressure - narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
35
What are the characteristics of arterioles?
- thicker muscle layer than arteries to control blood flow when lumen narrows - thinner muscle layer than arteries due to lower pressure - narrower lumen than arteries to restrict blood flow
36
What are the characteristics of veins?
- think smooth muscle layer as pressure is low - thin elastic layer as pressure too low to create recoil - large lumen - has valves to prevent back flow of blood
37
What is tissue fluid?
A watery fluid containing small molecules (glucose, amino acids etc) that baths body cells and exchanged materials between blood and cells
38
How is tissue fluid formed?
- high hydrostatic pressure from capillaries forces water and other small molecules out of the capillary leaving proteins inside - this lowers the water potential in the capillary so water moves back in through osmosis - excess water returns to blood by lymphatic system
39
What are atheroma and what is their effect?
- fatty deposits made up of LDL that forms on the walls of arteries - they restrict blood flow and increase blood pressure
40
What is an aneurysm?
- weak points in the artery walls due to atheroma form a balloon like structure - it can burst and cause things like a stroke or heart attack
41
What is a thrombosis?
- when atheroma ruptures endothelium so platelets and fibrin gather to form a blood clot - can block a vessel and reduce blood flow
42
What is myocardial infarction?
- decreased oxygen supply to heart due to a blockage in coronary artery - causes heart cells to die
43
What are risk factors of heart disease?
- smoking - high blood pressure - high blood cholesterol - poor diet
44
What is the xylem?
Thick walled hollow tubes that are strengthened with lignin
45
What is the structure of water?
- 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen - covalently bonded - polar so joined by hydrogen bonds
46
What is cohesion tension theory?
- water evaporates from stomata due to water potential gradient between atmosphere and plant - lowers water potential in air spaces in leaves so water moves out of mesophyll cells by osmosis - that cell has a low water potential - water moves out of the xylem dragging other water molecules with it due to the polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with eachother and the xylem walls - transpiration pull as t is a continuous unbroken column
47
What are the factors affecting transpiration?
- humidity - wind - light intensity - temperature
48
What is the structure of the phloem?
- made up of sieve tube element cells - don’t have a nucleus and only contain a few organelles
49
What are companion cells?
Support the phloem cells by respiring, making proteins etc for them
50
What is the source in plants?
Photosynthesising cells
51
What is the sink in plants?
Any respiring or storage cell
52
What is the mass flow hypothesis?
- facilitated diffusion of sucrose down concentration gradient from palisade cells by osmosis to companion cell - co transport of sucrose with hydrogen ions from companion cell into STE - lowers water potential at source end of STE - osmosis of water down water potential gradient from xylem to source end of STE - hydrostatic pressure gradient between source and sink so mass flow of sucrose and water to sink end - active transport of sucrose into sink cells to be used or stored
53
What is some supporting evidence for MFH?
- concentration of sugars is lower in sink than source - phloem sap has a high pH so it isn’t just water - downward flow in phloem stops at night
54
What is some contradicting evidence for MFH?
- not all solutes travel at the same speed in phloem when you would expect them to - sieve plates are seemingly a barrier - sugars travel at same rate to all types of sink whereas you would expect it to travel faster to respiring sinks
55
How does the ringing experiment support mass flow hypothesis?
- ring of outer bark and phloem removed - above the ring swells with liquid that has a high concentration of sugar - non-photosynthetic tissue below can wither and die
56
How does tracer experiments support MFH?
- a isotope of carbon radioactively labels carbondale dioxide - plant exposed to the carbon dioxide - in an x ray you can see the isotope in thee phloem only and can see it move from source to sink end
57
How do aphids support MFH?
Examine the concentration of sugars in an aphids gut and sugar concentration in phloem after aphids has pierced it

Biology (15 decks)

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