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Biology > Mass Transport > Flashcards

Mass Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein with a quaternary structure with a haem group contain iron ions that carries 4 oxygen molecules in the blood

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2
Q

What is loading in haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin binding to oxygen in the lungs

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3
Q

What is unloading in haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin releasing oxygen (at respiring tissues)

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4
Q

How does affinity affect loading and unloading?

A

Haemoglobin with a high affinity loads easier whereas haemoglobin with a low affinity unloads easier

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5
Q

What are some needed features in a double circulatory system?

A
  • medium to carry materials (e.g. blood)
  • form of transport (e.g blood vessels)
  • method of moving medium (e.g. heart)
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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go to and from?

A

Goes to lungs from right ventricle

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7
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein go to and from?

A

Goes to the left atrium from the lungs

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8
Q

Where does the aorta go to and from?

A

Goes to the body from the left ventricle

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9
Q

Where does the vena cava go to and from?

A

Goes to the right atrium from the body

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10
Q

Where does the renal artery go to and from?

A

Goes to the kidney from the aorta

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11
Q

Where does the renal vein go to and from?

A

Goes to the vena cava from the kidney

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12
Q

What does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

The saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen at different partial pressures of oxygen

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13
Q

Why is an oxygen dissociation curve S shaped?

A
  • the first oxygen binds to the haemoglobin which changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin
  • making it easier for the 2nd and 3rd oxygen to bind
  • it is harder for the 4th to bind due to probability
  • positive cooperativity
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14
Q

What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A
  • curve shifts to the right
  • carbon dioxide reduces pH of blood
  • alters tertiary structure of haemoglobin
  • more unloading of oxygen at the respiring tissues
  • Bohr shift
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15
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

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16
Q

What are the 4 blood vessels at the heart?

A

Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta

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17
Q

What are the valves in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve

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18
Q

What holds valves in place?

A

Tendons

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19
Q

What is the role of the septum?

A

Prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing

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20
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood so they are unidirectional

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21
Q

How do valves maintain unidirectional flow?

A
  • open when pressure behind is greater than pressure infront
  • close when pressure infront is greater than pressure behind
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22
Q

What is the role of coronary arteries?

A

External arteries that supply cardiac muscle with oxygen and remove waste products

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23
Q

How long is one cardiac cycle?

A

A heartbeat

24
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

25
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

26
Q

What is step 1 of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • atrial and ventricular diastole
  • blood flows in the vena cava/pulmonary vein
  • all valves closed
27
Q

What is step 2 of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • atrial systole
  • increased pressure in atria open AV valve
  • blood flows into relaxed ventricles
  • atria contract to force out remaining blood
28
Q

What is step 3 of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • ventricular systole
  • pressure n entries increase closing AV valve, opening semilunar valves
  • blood forced out into aorta, pulmonary artery
29
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure during the cardiac cycle?

A
  • low at first
  • increases as fills up with blood until AV valve closes and semi lunar valve opens
  • decreases pressure
30
Q

What happens to atrial pressure in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • always relatively low
  • increases slightly when they fill with blood until AV valve opens and pressure decreases ad there is elastic recoil
31
Q

What happens to aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle?

A
  • always relatively high
  • rises when ventricles contract
32
Q

What is cardiac output and the equation?

A
  • volume of blood pumped out if the heart by one ventricle per minute
  • Stroke volume x Heart rate
33
Q

What is the basic structure of al blood vessels?

A
  • tough outer layer
  • muscle layer
  • elastic layer
  • endothelium
  • lumen
34
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries?

A
  • thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to control blood flow
  • thick elastic layer to recoil to original shape to maintain blood pressure
  • narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
35
Q

What are the characteristics of arterioles?

A
  • thicker muscle layer than arteries to control blood flow when lumen narrows
  • thinner muscle layer than arteries due to lower pressure
  • narrower lumen than arteries to restrict blood flow
36
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A
  • think smooth muscle layer as pressure is low
  • thin elastic layer as pressure too low to create recoil
  • large lumen
  • has valves to prevent back flow of blood
37
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

A watery fluid containing small molecules (glucose, amino acids etc) that baths body cells and exchanged materials between blood and cells

38
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure from capillaries forces water and other small molecules out of the capillary leaving proteins inside
  • this lowers the water potential in the capillary so water moves back in through osmosis
  • excess water returns to blood by lymphatic system
39
Q

What are atheroma and what is their effect?

A
  • fatty deposits made up of LDL that forms on the walls of arteries
  • they restrict blood flow and increase blood pressure
40
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A
  • weak points in the artery walls due to atheroma form a balloon like structure
  • it can burst and cause things like a stroke or heart attack
41
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A
  • when atheroma ruptures endothelium so platelets and fibrin gather to form a blood clot
  • can block a vessel and reduce blood flow
42
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A
  • decreased oxygen supply to heart due to a blockage in coronary artery
  • causes heart cells to die
43
Q

What are risk factors of heart disease?

A
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • high blood cholesterol
  • poor diet
44
Q

What is the xylem?

A

Thick walled hollow tubes that are strengthened with lignin

45
Q

What is the structure of water?

A
  • 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
  • covalently bonded
  • polar so joined by hydrogen bonds
46
Q

What is cohesion tension theory?

A
  • water evaporates from stomata due to water potential gradient between atmosphere and plant
  • lowers water potential in air spaces in leaves so water moves out of mesophyll cells by osmosis
  • that cell has a low water potential
  • water moves out of the xylem dragging other water molecules with it due to the polar molecules that form hydrogen bonds with eachother and the xylem walls
  • transpiration pull as t is a continuous unbroken column
47
Q

What are the factors affecting transpiration?

A
  • humidity
  • wind
  • light intensity
  • temperature
48
Q

What is the structure of the phloem?

A
  • made up of sieve tube element cells
  • don’t have a nucleus and only contain a few organelles
49
Q

What are companion cells?

A

Support the phloem cells by respiring, making proteins etc for them

50
Q

What is the source in plants?

A

Photosynthesising cells

51
Q

What is the sink in plants?

A

Any respiring or storage cell

52
Q

What is the mass flow hypothesis?

A
  • facilitated diffusion of sucrose down concentration gradient from palisade cells by osmosis to companion cell
  • co transport of sucrose with hydrogen ions from companion cell into STE
  • lowers water potential at source end of STE
  • osmosis of water down water potential gradient from xylem to source end of STE
  • hydrostatic pressure gradient between source and sink so mass flow of sucrose and water to sink end
  • active transport of sucrose into sink cells to be used or stored
53
Q

What is some supporting evidence for MFH?

A
  • concentration of sugars is lower in sink than source
  • phloem sap has a high pH so it isn’t just water
  • downward flow in phloem stops at night
54
Q

What is some contradicting evidence for MFH?

A
  • not all solutes travel at the same speed in phloem when you would expect them to
  • sieve plates are seemingly a barrier
  • sugars travel at same rate to all types of sink whereas you would expect it to travel faster to respiring sinks
55
Q

How does the ringing experiment support mass flow hypothesis?

A
  • ring of outer bark and phloem removed
  • above the ring swells with liquid that has a high concentration of sugar
  • non-photosynthetic tissue below can wither and die
56
Q

How does tracer experiments support MFH?

A
  • a isotope of carbon radioactively labels carbondale dioxide
  • plant exposed to the carbon dioxide
  • in an x ray you can see the isotope in thee phloem only and can see it move from source to sink end
57
Q

How do aphids support MFH?

A

Examine the concentration of sugars in an aphids gut and sugar concentration in phloem after aphids has pierced it

Biology (11 decks)

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