Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A
  • pentose sugar
  • inorganic phosphate ion
  • nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA/sequence of bases that codes for a specific polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do genes determine our development and activity?

A

The polypeptides coded for by genes forms proteins and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the locus of a gene?

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the sequence of nucleotides to proteins?

A

Nucleotide -> gene -> amino acid sequence -> polypeptide -> protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a nucleotide a monomer of?

A

A monomer of DNA joined by phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are amino acids a monomer of?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the triplet code?

A

3 bases code for 1 amino acids a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 things that are true for all triplet codes?

A

Degenerate, universal and non-overlapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is a triplet code degenerate?

A

Each amino acid may have more than 1 triplet code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is a triplet code universal?

A

Each triplet codes for the same amino acids in all organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are triplet codes non-overlapping?

A

Each base is read once and part of a singular triplet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does a gene code for the production of a polypeptide?

A
  • specific nucleotide base sequence
  • that are in triplets
  • determine the sequence of amino acids
  • specific sequence of amino acids codes for polypeptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the triplet code on mRNA?

A

A codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are start codons?

A

Amino acids with 1 triplet ode and ensure base sequence is read in correct direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are stop codons?

A

Amino acids that end the amino acid sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are exons?

A

Sequence in gene that codes for amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How could a changer in sequence of DNA bases result in a non-functional enzyme?

A
  • change in amino acids sequence
  • change in hydrogen/ionic/disulphide bonds which changes tertiary structure
  • no E-S complexes formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA in prokaryotes?

A
  • shorter DNA molecules
  • not associated with proteins
  • no chromosomes
  • only exons
21
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA in eukaryotes?

A
  • longer DNA strands
  • linear
  • associated with histone proteins
  • have introns and exons
22
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA in chloroplasts/mitochondria?

A
  • circular
  • short
  • no introns
  • not associated with proteins
23
Q

What are the similarities between DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • both are made of nucleotides
  • both’s nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds
24
Q

What are some differences between DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A
  • eukaryotic DNA is longer than prokaryotic
  • eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins whereas prokaryotic isn’t
  • eukaryotic DNA has introns whereas prokaryotic doesn’t
  • eukaryotic DNA is linear whereas prokaryotic is circular
25
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A strand of DNA

26
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A

During cell division

27
Q

What is a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are identical (have same genes on same loci)

28
Q

What holds DNA in chromosomes together and are highly coiled around?

A

Histone proteins

29
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A DNA helix wound around 8 histone proteins

30
Q

How is a chromosome formed?

A
  • DNA helix wound around 8 histone proteins making a nucleosome
  • DNA-histone complex
  • further looped and coiled into chromatin fibres
  • condensed further into a chromosome
31
Q

Describe how a mutation of a gene could cause a new allele to arise

A
  • change in nucleotide sequence
  • different amino acid sequence
  • different polypeptide chain
  • different tertiary structure of protein
32
Q

What is a genome?

A

Complete set of genes in a cell including ones in mitochondria/chloroplast

33
Q

What is a proteome?

A

Complete set of proteins that is produced in the genome

34
Q

What are the 2 types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
35
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A relatively short singular strand of nucleotides that form codons that is a copy of DNA

36
Q

Why is mRNA unstable?

A

It is only a single helix

37
Q

Why is mRNA a copy of DNA?

A

Acts as a template for protein synthesis

38
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Small single strand of DNA that is highly folded into a clover shape and forms hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

39
Q

What are the 2 specific site on tRNA?

A
  • amino acid attachment site
  • anti codon
40
Q

What is the amino acid attachment site specific to?

A

Amino acids

41
Q

What is the anti codon complementary to?

A

A codon on the mRNA

42
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in coding for a protein?

A

Transcription and translation

43
Q

What is transcription?

A

Using DNA to make pre mRNA which is spliced to produce mRNA

44
Q

How is a strand of pre mRNA made?

A
  • DNA helical hydrolyses hydrogen bonds between 12 base pairs
  • forming a template and sense strand
  • RNA polymerase uses complimentary free nucleotides to catalyse formation of pre mRNA strand (A with U/T and C with G)
  • phosphodiester bonds form between nucleotides
45
Q

What is splicing?

A
  • removing introns
  • exons joining together
46
Q

Why does splicing only happen in eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have introns

47
Q

Why is splicing necessary?

A

To ensure the production of the correct polypeptide

48
Q

How does translation of mRNA occur?

A
  • mRNA attaches to ribosome/RER
  • tRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
  • tRNA brings a specific amino acid
  • 2 amino acids fit on tRNA
  • amino acids joined together by peptide bond using ATP
  • tRNA is released
  • the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand forming a polypeptide

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions