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Exchange Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you calculate surface area?

A

Area of each side added together

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2
Q

How do you calculate volume?

A

Length x Width x Depth

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3
Q

What happens to SA:vol ratio as size decreases?

A

Increases which increases rate of movement in and out of cells

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4
Q

What are general features of specialised exchange surfaces?

A
  • large SA:vol ratio
  • very thin for a short diffusion pathway
  • selectively permeable
  • movement of environmental medium to maintain diffusion gradient
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5
Q

What are the structures in an insect gas exchange system?

A

Spiracles, tracheae, tracheoles and an exoskeleton

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6
Q

What are spiracles in the insect gas exchange system?

A

Openings to the environment

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7
Q

What are tracheae in the insect gas exchange system?

A

Internal network of tubes with rings of chitin to prevent them collapsing

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8
Q

What are tracheoles in the insect gas exchange system?

A

Smaller dead end tubes that go directly to respiring tissues

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9
Q

What is the exoskeleton of an insect gas exchange system?

A

Hard protective layer on the outside

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10
Q

How does oxygen move into the insect gas exchange system?

A
  • respiring cells use oxygen
  • creating a concentration gradient between tracheoles and the air
  • oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient from the air to the tracheoles into he respiring cells
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11
Q

How does carbon dioxide move out of the insect gas exchange system?

A
  • respiring cells produce carbon dioxide
  • creating a concentration gradient between tracheoles and the air
  • carbon dioxide moves out of the tracheoles into the air down its concentration gradient
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12
Q

What happens in the insect gas exchange system when the insect is respiring anaerobically?

A
  • lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration dissolves into water
  • lowers water potential so water inside tracheoles moves out by osmosis
  • more volume in tracheoles for oxygen
  • more air moves into tracheoles down its pressure gradient from the
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13
Q

What are the consequences of the insect gas exchange system?

A
  • water loss
  • limits the size of insects as pathways must be short
  • relies on diffusion
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14
Q

What are the adaptations of the insect gas exchange system that aid diffusion of gases?

A
  • highly branched tracheoles for a large SA
  • tracheoles are 1 cell thick for a sort diffusion pathway
  • selectively permeable
  • abdominal pumping to maintain diffusion gradient
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15
Q

What is abdominal pumping in insects?

A
  • abdominal muscles contract which decreases volume and increases pressure so air moves from inside to outside the insect down its pressure gradient
  • abdominal muscles relax which increases volume and decreases pressure so air moves from outside to inside of the insect down its pressure gradient
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16
Q

What are the adaptations in the insect gas exchange system that prevents water loss?

A
  • spiracles can open and close
  • hard exoskeleton
  • sunken spiracles
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17
Q

What are the adaptions of gills for fish gas exchange systems?

A
  • lots of gill filaments and lamellae for large SA
  • lamellae 1 cell thick for short diffusion pathway
  • selectively permeable
  • lots of capillaries and counter current flow for maintenance of diffusion gradient
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18
Q

What are the structures that make up the gills?

A

Gill arch, filaments, lamellae

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19
Q

What is the gill arch?

A

What filaments attach to

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20
Q

What are gill filaments?

A

Stacked in a pile on the gill arch

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21
Q

What are the gill lamellae?

A

Form at right angles to filaments to increase SA

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22
Q

What are the issues with the fish exchange system?

A
  • water has much less oxygen than air
  • rate of diffusion much slower in water
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23
Q

What is the counter current flow?

A

Blood and water flow in opposite directions so blood always meets water that has a higher oxygen concentration so there is always diffusion across the entire filament without reaching equilibrium

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24
Q

What are the structures in a leaf?

A

Waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, stomata, guard cells, xylem and phloem

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25
Q

Why do leaves have a large surface area?

A

Fo maximum light absorption

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26
Q

Why are leaves arranged to minimise shadowing?

A

Maximum light absorption

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27
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

Short diffusion pathway

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28
Q

Why is the cuticle and epidermis transparent?

A

To allow light to pass through

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29
Q

Why are palisade mesophyll long and narrow?

A

To fit lots of chloroplast

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30
Q

Why are there lots of stomata?

A

For gas exchange

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31
Q

Why do the stomata open and close?

A

In response to light intensity to control water loss

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32
Q

Why are there air spaces in the spongy mesophyll?

A

Allow diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

33
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

Bring water to cells for photosynthesis

34
Q

What is the role of the phloem?

A

Carries sugars away that are produced in photosynthesis

35
Q

What is the net movement of carbon dioxide during day and night?

A
  • day = net movement in (for photosynthesis)
  • night = net movement out (no photosynthesis happening)
36
Q

Why do the stomata open during the day?

A
  • more photosynthesis
  • more glucose produced
  • lower water potential
  • water moves in
  • guar cells swell
  • stomata open
37
Q

Why do stomata close during the night?

A
  • use of glucose in photosynthesis
  • higher water potential
  • water moves out of
  • guard cells shrink
  • stomata close
38
Q

How do all plants control water loss?

A
  • waterproof coverings
  • closing stomata
  • decrease SA
  • thick cuticle
39
Q

How do xerophytes minimise water loss?

A
  • rolling leaves
  • hairy leaves
  • sunken stomata
  • reduced SA:vol ratio
40
Q

What adaptations does marram grass have?

A
  • thick, way cuticles
  • sunken stomata
  • rolled, hairy leaves
  • high water potential in both gap in rolled leaf and in leaf so no water potential gradient
41
Q

How does a thick cuticle prevent water loss?

A
  • forms a waterproof barrier
  • less escape of water by osmosis as here is longer diffusion pathway
42
Q

How do rolled leaves prevent water loss?

A
  • traps region of still air that becomes saturated with water vapour so has a higher oxygen concentration water potential
  • so there is no water potential gradient between air surrounding and inside leaf
  • no osmosis of water
43
Q

How do hairy leaves prevent water loss?

A
  • traps moist still air
  • so there is no water potential gradient
  • no movement of water by osmosis as here
44
Q

How do sunken stomata prevent water loss?

A
  • traps still moist air
  • no water potential gradient
  • no movement of eater by osmosis as here
45
Q

How does a reduced SA:vol ratio of leaves reduce water loss?

A
  • less movement of water by osmosis as here
46
Q

Why is rate of water uptake no equal to rate of transpiration?

A

Water can be made in chemical reactions e.g. photosynthesis and respiration

47
Q

What are the structures in the human gas exchange system?

A

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, lungs and goblet cells

48
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs that does gas exchange

49
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Smallest division of branches in lungs that don’t have cartilage

50
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

Division of trachea that has rings of cartilage

51
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Supported by rings of cartilage, the tube that transports air to ling that’s lined with goblet cells and cilia

52
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Lobed structures made up of highly branched tubes

53
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Cells that line trachea and bronchi that release mucus

54
Q

What are adaptations of the human gas exchange system?

A
  • epithelial cells flattened for short diffusion pathway
  • capillaries one cell thick for short diffusion pathway
  • alveoli are highly fooled for large SA:vol
  • good blood supply to maintain diffusion gradient
55
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A
  • external intercostal muscles contract
  • pulls rib cage up and out
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • increases volume of thorax
  • higher pressure outside the lungs that in so air moves in down its pressure gradient
56
Q

What happens in expiration?

A
  • internal intercostal muscles contract
  • rib cage moves down and in
  • diaphragm relaxes and domes up
  • volume of thorax decreases
  • pressure inside the lungs is higher than outside so air moves out down pressure gradient
57
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation and the equation?

A
  • total volume of air that over in an out of lungs in 1 minute
  • Tidal volume x Breathing rate
58
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air taken in per breath

59
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

60
Q

What is the salivary gland?

A

Produces and secretes saliva that contains amylase

61
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Tube that links mouth to stomach

62
Q

What is the liver?

A

Makes bile and stores glycogen

63
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Has acidic conditions for protease and to kill pathogens

64
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile

65
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Releases enzymes

66
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

For digestion and absorption

67
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water and stores faeces

68
Q

What is the anus?

A

Muscle that releases faeces

69
Q

How is carbohydrates digested?

A
  • salivary amylase hydrolyses glycosidic bonds between glucose in the mouth
  • pancreatic amylase hydrolyses glycosidic bonds between glucose in small intestine
  • membrane bound disaccharidases that are attached to membrane of ileum hydrolyse glycosidic bonds between disaccharides
70
Q

What is an examples of a membrane bound disaccharidase?

A

Maltase hydrolysis glycosidic bonds in maltose

71
Q

How are lipids digested?

A
  • bile salts emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets for a larger SA
  • lipase hydrolyses ester bonds creating micelles
72
Q

What are the advantages of lipid droplet and micelle formation?

A
  • lipid droplets have a larger SA so lipase can work quicker
  • micelles prevent hydrophobic lipid droplets attracting each other and carry fatty acids and glycerol to ileum membrane
73
Q

How are proteins digested?

A
  • endopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds in the middle of the polypeptide chain
  • exopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds at the terminal ends of the polypeptide chain
  • dipeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds between dipeptides
74
Q

What are the properties of the ileum that increases efficiency of absorption?

A
  • villi and microvilli for a large SA:vol ratio
  • thin walls for a short diffusion pathway
  • good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
75
Q

How is glucose and galactose absorbed?

A
  • Na/K pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in
  • lowers concentration of sodium ions in epithelial cell
  • co transport of sodium ions moving down their concentration gradient with glucose/galactose
  • facilitated diffusion of glucose/galactose out of epithelial cell down concentration gradient into the blood
76
Q

How is fructose absorbed?

A

Facilitated diffusion via a transporter protein

77
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A
  • Na/K pump pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in
  • lowers concentration of sodium ions in epithelial cell
  • co transport of sodium ions down their concentration gradient with amino acids
  • amino acids move out of epithelial cell into blood by facilitated diffusion down concentration gradient
78
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A
  • micelles drive at epithelial cell
  • bile salts removed
  • monoglyceride and fatty acids move into epithelial cell by simple diffusion
    -monoglyceride and fatty acid converted into triglyceride in endoplasmic reticulum
  • triglycerides combined with cholesterol and lipoproteins to make chylomicrons in golgi body
  • chylomicrons leave cell by exocytosis into lacteal vessel

Biology (11 decks)

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