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Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the transfer of characteristics from generation to generation?

A

Heredity

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2
Q

True or False

All genes lead to the production of proteins and another type of nucleic acids (RNA)

A

False

not all genes lead to protein production but all lead to RNA production

Genes are stretches of DNA that are transcribed into RNA

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3
Q

Two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

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4
Q

what do you call the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

A nucleotide is composed of three simpler units, what’re they?

A
  • base
  • monosaccharide
  • phosphate
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6
Q

All of the bases of nucleic acids are ____ because they are heterocyclic aromatic amines.

A

basic

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7
Q

Two types of bases?

A

Purines & Pyrimidines

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8
Q

Among the bases of nucleic acids, which of them are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A
  • Purine = A & G
  • Pyrimidine = T, C, & U
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9
Q

How does thymine differ from uracil structurally?

A

methyl group at carbon 5

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10
Q

Which N will lose a hydrogen when the bases of nucleic acids bond with monosaccharides?

diff purine w pyrimidine

A
  • Purine = N-9
  • Pyrimidine = N-1

based sa carbon numberings sa rings

also remember that purines are double-ringed while pyrimidine isa lang

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11
Q

Sugar component of RNA is what?

A

D-ribose

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12
Q

Sugar component of DNA?

A

2-deoxy-D-ribose

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13
Q

Structurally, which Carbon will have the presence or absence of -OH for it to be classified as a sugar of RNA or DNA?

A

Carbon 2

RNA = may OH sa carbon 2 (D-ribose)
DNA = H lang nasa carbon 2 (2-deoxy-D-ribose)

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14
Q

the combination of a sugar and base is known as a what?

A

nucleoside

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15
Q

The bases of purines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?

A

C-1 to N-9

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16
Q

The bases of pyrimidines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?

A

C-1 to N-1

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17
Q

The bases and monosaccharides are connected via a bond called?

A

B-N-glycosidic bond

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18
Q

What do you call the nucleoside made of adenine and ribose? what about adenine and deoxyribose?

A

Adenosine; Deoxyadenosine

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19
Q

what do you call a nucleoside bonded to one, two, or three phosphate groups?

A

nucleotide

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20
Q

When phosphoric acid forms a ____ bond with nucleoside, the result forms a compound known as a nucleotide

A

phosphate ester bond

or phosphodiester bond

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21
Q

What do you call a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an –OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’or the 5’–OH?

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

What do you call the common currency into which energy gained from good is converted and stored?

A

ATP

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

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23
Q

what are the two parts of the primary structure of nucleotides?

A
  1. backbone
  2. bases that are side-chain grps
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24
Q

the backbone of nucleic acids in its primary structure is composed of what?

A

alternating monosaccharide and phosphate groups

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25
Q

Each phosphate group forms a phosphate ester bond from the ____ carbon of a monosaccharide unit to the ____ carbon of another monosaccharide

A

3’; 5’

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26
Q

Similar to proteins, we need a convention to tell us which end to start with when we write the sequence of bases and for nucleotides, we will start where?

A

nucleotide w/ free 5’ terminus

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27
Q

What do you call the arrangement in which two strands of DNA are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashio?

A

Double helix

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28
Q

In an aqueous environment, the bases point where? The backbone is where?

inward, outward, inside, outside

A

inward; outside

bases are hydrophobic; sugar-phosphate group is hydrophilic due to its negative charge

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29
Q

Whose rule stated that the DNA bases form hydrogen bonds to another specific base?

A-T; C-G

A

Chargaff’s rule

from Erwin Chargaff who showed that quantity of A is similar to T and C to G

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30
Q

How many H-bonds can we find in an A-T complementary base pair?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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31
Q

How many H-bonds can we find in an C-G complementary base pair?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

DNA is coiled around proteins called?

A

histones

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33
Q

Histones are rich in the basic amino acids what?

A

Lys & Arg

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34
Q

The negatively-charged DNA molecules and positively-charged histones attract one another and form units called ____.

A

Nucleosomes

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35
Q

What do you call a core of eight histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped?

A

Nucleosome

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36
Q

Nucleosomes are further condensed into ____ where a 30-nm-wide fiber forms in which nucleosomes are wound in a ____ fashion, with six nucleosomes forming a repeating unit

A

Chromatin; Solenoid

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37
Q

Chromatin fibers are organized further into loops and arranged into bands to provide the superstructure of ____?

A

chromosomes

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38
Q

Identify the level of structure

Order or sequence of bases in the polynucleotide sequence which specifies the genetic code

A

primary structure

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39
Q

Identify the level of structure

ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

A

Secondary structure

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40
Q

Identify the level of structure

3-D arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid; referred to as supercoiling

A

Tertiary structure

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41
Q

Identify the type of nucleic acid base

Compounds that contain a six-membered ring which are parents of C, T, U

A

Pyrimidine bases

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42
Q

Identify the type of nucleic acid base

Compounds that contain a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring which are parent compounds of A & G

A

Purine bases

43
Q

What do you call the covalent linkage in which phosphoric acid is esterified to the 3′ hydroxyl of one nucleoside and the 5′ hydroxyl of another nucleoside?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

3’, 5’-phosphodiester bond

44
Q

True or False

Nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 5′ end to the 3′ end

45
Q

DNA double helix structure is proposed by who back in 1953?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

46
Q

DNA consists of imaginary cylinder that encloses the DNA in a double helix. This imaginary cylinder is known as?

A

Grooves

may be major or minor grooves

47
Q

What do you call the DNA type wherein the 5’ end and 3’ end are joined by phosphodiester bonds?

A

Circular DNA

48
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and forms supercoils. What are the two types of supercoils?

A

Positive & Negative

(+) = more than normal turns of the helix
(-) = fewer than normal turns of the helix

49
Q

What must be added to a sample of DNA to break the H-bonds and to disrupt the stacking interactions?

A

Energy

carried out by heat

Denaturation of DNA is via heat then Renaturation is possible on slow cooling

50
Q

Identify the RNA type

chain of nucleotides where sequence is exactly complementary to DNA after transcription

51
Q

Identify the RNA type

directs amino acid sequence of proteins

A

mRNA

messenger

52
Q

Identify the RNA type

transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

A

tRNA

transport

53
Q

Identify the RNA type

combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis

the RNA complexed with proteins in ribosomes

A

rRNA

ribosomal

54
Q

Identify the RNA type

processing of the initial mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form ready to go out of nucleus

A

snRNA

small nuclear

55
Q

Identify the RNA type

responsible for splicing mRNA

A

snRNA

small nuclear

56
Q

Identify the RNA type

Affects gene expression which is important in growth and development

A

miRNA

micro

57
Q

Identify the RNA type

affects gene expression and is used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied

A

siRNA

small interfering

58
Q

Identify the RNA type

bind to mRNA and prevent its translation; also used in the treatment of hepa C

A

miRNA

micro

59
Q

Identify the RNA type

bind to mRNA but lead to the cleavage of the RNA in question and is also used in the treatment of ebola virus

A

siRNA

small interfering

60
Q

what do you call a stretch of DNA that carries the message to direct the synthesis of a protein, tRNA, or mRNA?

61
Q

many genes are present in in a DNA molecule, in bacteria this message is ____, while in higher organisms it is ____.

continuous, discontinuous

A

continuous; discontinuous

62
Q

What do you call the nucleotide sequences in DNA or mRNA that code for a protein?

A

Exons

short for expressed sequences

64
Q

What do you call the nucleotide sequences in DNA or mRNA that do not code for a protein?

A

Introns

short for intervening sequences

64
Q

____ are protein-coding regions that must be joined by removing ____, the noncoding intervening sequences.

A

Exons; Introns

64
Q

The process of intron removal and exon joining is called what?

65
Q

What do you call DNA molecules in which short nucleotide sequences are repeated hundreds or thousands of times? Smaller repetitive sequences?

A

Satellites; microsatellites

66
Q

CRISPR stands for what?

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

these are repetitive stretches of DNA found in bacteria and archaea

67
Q

what are the two functions of the DNA in the chromosome?

A
  1. DNA reproduction
  2. information for protein synthesis
68
Q

What do you call the point in the DNA where replication begins?

A

origin of replication

or replication fork

69
Q

Replication is ____ and takes place at the same speed in both directions

hint in bold

A

bidirectional

70
Q

One of the syntheses in replication is ____ along the 3’ to 5’ strand and the strand is called the ____ strand

A

continuous; leading strand

71
Q

The other strand wherein it runs in the 5’ to 3’ end has its synthesis ____ and the strand is the ____.

A

discontinuous; lagging strand

72
Q

The replication process is called ____ because each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized one

A

semiconservative

73
Q

When adding a nucleotide to the growing DNA chain, what group acts as a nucleophile to attack the phosphorus adjacent to the sugar in the nucleotide, which will be added to the growing chain?

A

3’ hydroxyl group

74
Q

Enumerate the steps of DNA replication

own words

A
  1. Opening Up the Superstructure via histone acetylase (+) & (-) differences between histone & nucleotides
  2. Relaxation of Higher-Order Structures of DNA via topoisomerase to relieve supercoiling or to uncoil
  3. Unwinding the double helix via helicase then SSB proteins to stabilize strands
  4. Primers/Primases to add RNA primers
  5. DNA Polymerase III to build upon primers then Pol I to replace RNA primer w DNA (5’ to 3’ end)
  6. Ligase to attach okazaki fragments in the lagging strand
75
Q

Identify the component of replisome

unwinds the DNA double helix

76
Q

Identify the component of replisome

synthesizes short oligonucleotides (RNA primers)

77
Q

Identify the component of replisome

allows the leading strand to be threaded through

A

clamp protein

78
Q

Identify the component of replisome

joins the nucleotides by adding free nucleotides in the vicinity of the replication fork to the strands

A

DNA Polymerase

79
Q

Identify the component of replisome

joins Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand

80
Q

Identify the component of replisome

protects the single-stranded regions from degradation during replication

or stabilization of single strands

A

Single-stranded binding protein

SSB

81
Q

Millions of copies of selected DNA fragments can be made within a few hours with high precision by a technique called ____

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR

82
Q

Explain PCR

own words

A
  1. heat DNA up to 95oC to unwind double helix
  2. cool to 60oC to allow primer to bind
  3. heat up to 70oC to allow polymerase to fill up complementary strands
83
Q

what do you call the bacteria where its polymerase is isolated and used in PCR?

A

Thermus aquaticus

lives in hot springs

Taq DNA polymerase is used in PCR

84
Q

What are the various DNA conformations?

A
  • A-DNA
  • B-DNA
  • Z-DNA
85
Q

Identify the RNA pyrimidine bases

A
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
86
Q

DNA polymerase reactions require what?
a. dUTP
b. Primers
c. dTTP
d. CO2

A

b & C

  • requires primers, dna strand, all deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and ribonucleoside triphosphates
87
Q

What are the functions occurring in exonuclease activities?

A
  • proofreading
  • DNA repair
88
Q

Which DNA polymerase is responsible for repairing and patching DNA?

89
Q

Which DNA Polymerase is responsible for repairing enzymes?

A

DNA Pol II, IV, & V

90
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for relaxing the DNA supercoil?

A

DNA gyrase

topoisomerase other term

91
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for creating a short section of RNA to act as a primer for DNA synthesis?

92
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the final linking of the DNA base pairs into the newly-formed strand?

A

DNA ligase

93
Q

What do you call the proteins responsible for the stabilization of single-stranded regions by binding tightly to them?

A

SSB

Single-Strand Binding proteins

94
Q

Which enzyme promotes the unwinding of the DNA double helix by binding at the replication fork?

95
Q

What do you call the part of the Pol III enzyme that opens the sliding clamp and inserts the DNA chain?

It is a pentameric enzyme of a family of ATPases called AAA+ superfam

A

Clamp Loader

96
Q

Okazaki fragments latch onto what strand?

A

Lagging strand

97
Q

What are the exogenous factors that lead to DNA damage?

A
  • UV radiation
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Chemical agents
98
Q

Enumerate the endogenous factors that lead to DNA damage

A
  • Mismatched DNA bases
  • Hydrolysis
  • Oxidation
  • Alkylation
99
Q

What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from chemical agents?

A

Double strand breaks

DSB nga eong nangyayari when u add chemical/s, DNA repair mechanism should be NHEJ (Nonhomologous DNA end-joining but idk hahahha eto ans s quiz e)

100
Q

What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from UV radiation?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

101
Q

What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from hydrolysis?

A

Base excision repair

hydrolysis, alkylation, and oxidation all under BER

102
Q

What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from wrongly-paired DNA bases?

A

Mismatched repair system

lmao (14 decks)

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