Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
The most common source of energy is a biomolecule called what?
A
carbohydrate
2
Q
Carbohydrates provide chemical energy in what forms?
3 carbs that provide energy?
A
- Glucose
- Starch
- Glycogen
3
Q
Carbohydrates, in plants, are components of supportive structures. What do u call this carb?
present in plant cell walls
A
cellulose
4
Q
What are the two carbohydrates present in nucleic acids?
A
- D-ribose
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose
5
Q
Before, scientists thought of Carbohydrates as hydrates of what?
A
Carbon
6
Q
What is the empirical formula of Carbohydrates?
A
Cn(H2O)m
Glucose or Galactose, for example, is a carbohydrate w/ a general formula C6H12O6. Divide these by a factor of 6 and you’ll be left w/ CH2O which is a “hydrate of carbon” (C w/ water)
7
Q
At the molecular level, most carbohydrates are what?
poly + functional grp (2 ‘to)
A
- polyhydroxyaldehydes
- polyhydroxyketones
or compounds that yield them after hydrolysis
8
Q
What do you call the carbohydrates w/ a single sugar molecule?
monomer of carbs
A
Monosaccharides
9
Q
____ are monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group; whereas ____ are monosaccharides containing a ketone grp
A
Aldoses; Ketoses
10
Q
In the naming of carbohydrates, the suffix -____ indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate.
A
-ose
11
Q
In the naming of carbohydrates, the prefixes tri-, tetr-, pent-, etc. indicate what?
A
no. of carbon atoms in the chain
12
Q
What do you call the simplest monosaccharides that contain three carbon atoms?
A
Trioses
13
Q
There are only two trioses, what are they?
A
- Dihydroxyacetone
- Glyceraldehyde
14
Q
Among the two trioses, which of them does not contain a chiral carbon atom?
A
Dihydroxyacetone
since no chirality present, this molecule does not have nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms (enantiomers)
15
Q
Among the two trioses, which of them has a chiral carbon?
A
Glyceraldehyde
since there is chirality at carbon number three, there are two possible enantiomers of Glyceraldehyde: L- & D-Glyceraldehyde
16
Q
The possibility of ____ increases as the number of carbon items increases.
optical isomerism
A
stereoisomerism
17
Q
What do you call the 2-D representations of the stereochemistry of 3-D molecules?
A
Fischer projections
18
Q
In Fischer projections, the horizontal lines represent bonds directed ____ you. The vertical lines signify that bonds are directed ____ from you.
away or toward
A
towards; away
dark wedges = towards u (out of the page); broken lines = away (into the page)
19
Q
Who proposed the Fischer projections?
A
Emil FIscher
in 1891 :ooo
20
Q
The D in D-enantiomer means? While L is for?
A
Dextrorotary; Levorotatory
21
Q
L- and D- refers to the direction of rotation of plane-polarized light (clockwise or counterclockwise). Glyceraldehyde has a specific rotation of how many degrees?
A
+-13.5o
22
Q
What monosaccharide served as the reference point for the enantiomers of all the other aldoses and ketoses?
A
glyceraldehyde
23
Q
What do you call the Carbon that is the reference point wherein it is the next-to-the-last carbon on the chain?
A
penultimate carbon
24
Q
A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the right
A
D-Monosaccharide
25
A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the **-OH group** on its penultimate carbon _to the left_.
L-Monosaccharide
26
What do you call the monosaccharide that have four possible stereoisomers due to two chiral carbons?
Aldotetroses
## Footnote
2 isomers are D; 2 are L. One of each two is an epimer
27
What do call the diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at **only one chiral carbon**?
Epimers
28
The D- and L- configuration may be determined by looking at the **-OH group** at the ____-numbered carbon
| highest or lowest
highest
## Footnote
In naming carbohydates, remember that we start where the aldehyde or ketone grp is. Usually, the highest-numbered carbon is the one **away** from the aldehyde/ketone grp
29
The highest-numbered carbon may be also called as what carbon?
## Footnote
the orientation of this carbon determines the D or L configuration
penultimate carbon
30
What are the most important monosaccharides to us?
| hexoses found prominently in our metabolism
- D-glucose
- D-galactose
- D-fructose
31
Also known as dextrose, what is the most common hexose that is an aldohexose?
D-glucose
## Footnote
found in honey, corn syrup, veggies, fruits and in our blood
32
normal glucose concentrations in the blood would be?
| mg/dL
65 - 110 mg/dL
| 1mM=18mg/dL
## Footnote
hyper or hypoglycemia :oo
33
It is the sweetest of the carbohydrates, being twice as sweet as table sugar. What is this monosaccharide?
D-fructose
34
D-fructose is also called what?
- levulose
- fruit sugar
35
Like the most common hexose, this one is also an aldohexose and is found in milk and dairy products, what do u call this monosaccharide?
D-Galactose
36
What do you call the condition when a person is missing the enzyme that converts D-galactose to D-glucose?
Galactosemia
## Footnote
Galactoose accumulates in the blood & tissues, leading to cataracts, mental detardation, and liver disease.
37
With pentoses and hexoses, the most stable forms are actually ____ structures containing five or six atoms.
ring
38
What do you call the way of representing the **cyclic structure of monosaccharides**?
Haworth projection
39
A way to view furanose and pyranose; the ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the **anomeric carbon** _on the right_ and the **oxygen atom** _to the rear_.
Haworth projection
40
What do you call the hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide?
Anomeric carbon
41
What do you call the monosaccharides that **differ in configuration** *only at* their _anomeric carbons_?
Anomers
42
What do you call the **new carbon stereocenter** created in forming the _cyclic structure_ that is based on FIscher projection?
Anomeric carbon
43
Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called ____.
Anomers
44
The anomeric carbon of an aldose is carbon number what in haworth projections?
Carbon 1
45
The anomeric carbon of ketoses are carbon number what?
Carbon 2
46
Cyclization of sugars takes place because of interactions between functional groups on distant carbons.
The -OH grp in Carbon number what attacks the Carbon-1in fischer projections to form a cyclic hemiacetal in aldohexoses?
Carbon-5 or Carbon-4
| nucleophilic attack ng -OH grp
## Footnote
**C-4 hydroxyl** attacking the carbonyl group will lead to the _formation of a 5-membered ring_, while the attack of **C-5 hydroxyl** at the carbonyl group will _generate a 6-membered ring_. In the case of glucose, *a 6-membered ring is thermodynamically more stable than a 5-membered ring*, thus favoring the formation of a 6-membered ring over a 5-membered ring.
[Khan cyclic hemiacetals](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials-class-12/xbd7054f15706a8f5:nucleophilic-addition-reactions-of-aldehydes-and-ketones/xbd7054f15706a8f5:addition-of-oxygen-nucleophile-to-aldehydes-and-ketones/a/cyclic-hemiacetals-and-hemiketals)
47
On Fischer projections, the substituents of the stereocenters **located right** _are pointing where_ in Haworth projections?
pointing down
## Footnote
only exemptions, if u'll notice, are carbons 5 & 6. This is because the OH of the nucleophilic carbon needs to be in a **desirable location** (nearest the aldehyde or ketone). So the substituents of these groups rotate in a counterclockwise manner so that -OH of C-5 will easily attack the aldehyde.
[Ochemtutor timestamp](https://youtu.be/7FR2_VjwKYk?t=653)
48
On Fischer projections, the substituents of the stereocenters **located left** _are pointing where_ in Haworth projections?
pointing up
## Footnote
only exemptions, if u'll notice, are carbons 5 & 6. This is because the OH of the nucleophilic carbon needs to be in a **desirable location** (nearest the aldehyde or ketone). So the substituents of these groups rotate in a counterclockwise manner so that -OH of C-5 will easily attack the aldehyde.
[Ochemtutor timestamp](https://youtu.be/7FR2_VjwKYk?t=653)
49
What do you call a six-membered hemiacetal ring?
pyranose
| indicated by *-pyran-*
## Footnote
corresponds to the shape of the heterocyclic compound pyran
50
What do you call a five-membered hemiacetal ring?
furanose
| indicated by *-furan-*
## Footnote
corresponds to the shape of the heterocyclic compound furan
51
On Fischer projections, the -OH grp at the anomeric carbon that is **located right** are what types of anomers in Haworth projections?
α-anomer
## Footnote
In Fisher projections, the ones located on the **right** are **pointing down**. since we know that _CH2OH_ is **pointing up** on Haworth, the α- designation means that the -OH is ***trans*** to _CH2OH_
52
On Fischer projections, the -OH grp at the anomeric carbon that is **located left** are what types of anomers in Haworth projections?
β-anomer
## Footnote
In Fisher projections, the ones located on the **left** are **pointing up**. since we know that _CH2OH_ is **pointing up** on Haworth, the α- designation means that the -OH is ***cis*** to _CH2OH_
53
In Haworth projections, the **α- designation** means that the -OH of the anomeric carbon is ____ to _CH2OH_
| cis or trans?
trans
## Footnote
_CH2OH_ is **pointing up** while the -OH grp of the anomeric carbon is **pointing down**
54
In Haworth projections, the **β- designation** means that the -OH of the anomeric carbon is ____ to _CH2OH_
| cis or trans?
cis
## Footnote
_CH2OH_ is **pointing up** and the -OH grp of the anomeric carbon is **pointing up** too
55
Because the α- and β- forms of glucose are six-membered cyclic hemiacetals, they are named ____ & ____, respectively
α-d-glucopyranose; β--d-glucopyranose
56
The designations *-furan-* and *-pyran-* are **sometimes omitted** in monosaccharide. Thus, the glucopyranoses, for example, are often named simply as what?
α-d-glucose & β-d-glucose
57
The most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world are ____.
| furanoses or pyranoses
furanoses
## Footnote
remember that the sugar grps in nucleics are pentoses (aldopentoses) and are 5-membered rings ryt
58
What do you call the **change in specific rotation** that occurs when an _α or β form_ of a carbohydrate is *converted to an equilibrium mixture of the two forms*?
Mutarotation
59
α-D-glucose has a specific rotation of how many degrees?
+112o
## Footnote
this is how much it rotates plane-polarized light
60
β-D-glucose has a specific rotation of how many degrees?
+18.7o
## Footnote
this is how much it rotates plane-polarized light
61
In water or aqeuous solutions, glucose (α-D-glucose & β-D-glucose) has now a rotation of how many degrees?
+52.7o
62
In equilibrium, the glucose mixture consists of how much (in %) α-D-glucose & β-D-glucose?
## Footnote
glucose is in equi when in water
- α-D-glucose = 36%
- β-D-glucose = 64%
## Footnote
iirc, this is because the +18.7o of β-D-glucose is much nearer the equilibrium rotation of +52.7o than the 112o rotation of α-D-glucose
[mutarotation ochemtutor](https://youtu.be/7FR2_VjwKYk?t=890)
63
The treatment of a monosaccharide—all forms of which exist almost exclusively as cyclic hemiacetals—with an alcohol yields a what?
| hemiacetal (sabi natin sugars r hemiacetals) + alcohol
## Footnote
- CHO + alcohol forms RO-C-OH (hemiacetal/hemiketal)
- RO-C-OH + alcohol forms RO-C-OR (did not add the other two substituents pa ng C which is supposed to be another R and H)
an acetal
| cyclic acetal
## Footnote
Formation of Glycosides (Acetals) - Treatment of an aldehyde or a ketone with one molecule of alcohol yields a hemiacetal and treatment of the hemiacetal with a molecule of alcohol yields an acetal.
[click](https://www.docsity.com/en/biochemistry-of-carbohydrates/8350432/#:~:text=Formation%20of%20Glycosides%20%28Acetals%29%20%E2%80%A2%20Treatment%20of%20an,with%20a%20molecule%20of%20alcohol%20yields%20an%20acetal.)
[2nd source](https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Alcohols_to_form_Hemiacetals_and_Acetals)
64
A cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called a what?
glycoside
65
What do you call the bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR grp in cyclic acetals?
glycosidic bond
## Footnote
Condensation reactions between a hydroxyl oxygen atom on carbon on one sugar and the anomeric form of another sugar result in the formation of glycosidic bond. Then water is formed [what is a glycosidic bond?](https://study.com/learn/lesson/glycosidic-bond.html)
66
Unlike a hemiacetal, an acetal is no longer in equilibrium with the open-chain carbonyl-containing compound, mutarotation is ____.
| possible or not possible
not possible
67
What is the name of the glycoside of β-D-glucose after reacting w/ methanol?
methyl β-D-glucoside
## Footnote
In naming glycosides, we add the alkyl or aryl grp bonded to the oxygen then the -e suffix is replaced with ide.
68
A variety of reducing agents, such as H in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can reduce the ketone grp of a monosaccharide to a ____.
| to what functional grp?
hydroxyl grp
| -OH grp; 2ndary alcohol
69
What do you call the product after a carbonyl grp of a monosaccharide is reduced to a hydroxyl group?
| carbonyl group = aldehyde (CHO)
alditol
70
After the carbonyl group (aldehyde) of D-glucose is reduced, the product is now called as?
| what do u call d alditol
D-glucitol
| more commonly known as D-sorbitol
## Footnote
We name alditols by dropping the -ose from the name of the monosaccharide and adding -itol
71
Since aldehydes may be oxidixed to form carboxylic acids, aldoses may also be oxidized under ____ conditions to form a carboxylate grp.
| acidic or basic
basic
72
the cyclic form of the aldose is oxidized by the mild oxidizing agent. Therefore, the aldose is what type of agent and what reaction did it undergo?
reducing agent; oxidation
73
Under basic conditions, the cyclic form of the aldose is in equilibrium with the open-chain form, which is then oxidized by the mild oxidizing agent. C1 of D-Glucose, for example, is oxidized to what?
D-gluconate
74
What do you call a carbohydrate that reacts with a mild oxidizing reagent under basic conditions to give an aldonic acid?
reducing sugars
## Footnote
the carbohydrate reduces the oxidizing agent
75
What test is used to detect the presence of reducing sugars?
Tollens test
76
Oxidation of a cyclic hemiacetal form gives a ____, which is a cyclic ester linking the carboxyl grp and one of the sugar alcohols.
lactone
77
What is the oxidizing agent used in Tollens test?
Ag(NH3)2+
78
If anomeric carbons are involved in a glycosidic linkage, then the result in Tollens will be ____.
| (+) or (-)?
negative
## Footnote
i think this is because may naka-bond n sa carboxylate ion so Ag(NH3)2+ cannot bond n (ata) haha so walang silver mirror appearance s tube
79
If anomeric carbons is not bonded and is free, then the result in Tollens will be ____.
| (+) or (-)?
positive
## Footnote
i think this is because Ag(NH3)2+ can bond n (ata) haha and Ag is responsible for its silver mirror appearance s tube
80
What do you call the reduced sugars in which a hydrogen atom is substituted for one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar?
| present in nucleic acids
Deoxy sugars
81
An enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a hexose yields a what?
uronic acid
82
The enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of D-glucose yields what?
D-glucuronic acid
## Footnote
D-Glucuronic acid is widely distributed in both the plant and animal worlds. In humans, it serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues
83
What is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to give the phosphorylated sugar and ADP?
| the bond between the phosphate grp and d phosphorylated sugar?
## Footnote
A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, making glucose-6-phosphate, which is the first step in glycoslysis
[from ATP to Gluc](https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis)
Phosphate esters
## Footnote
these are intermediates in the breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy
84
What do you call a glycoside involving a furanose?
furanoside
85
What do you call a glycoside involving a pyranose?
Pyranoside
86
The glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units are the basis for the formation of what saccharides?
oligo and polysaccharides
## Footnote
the notation for the linkage specifies the bond between the anomeric carbon nd d other carbon where d glycosidic bond is attached to.
87
If the _internal monosaccharide residues_ that are *incorporated in a polysaccharide* **form only two glycosidic bonds**, the polymer will be ____.
| linear, cyclic, branched, or what?
linear
88
If the _internal monosaccharide residues_ that are *incorporated in a polysaccharide* **form three glycosidic bonds**, the polymer will be ____.
| linear, cyclic, branched, or what?
branched
89
What do you call sugars with a substituted amino grp (-NH2)?
Amino sugars
90
What do you call carbs that have two units?
disaccharides
## Footnote
3 units r trisaccharides
91
We use the general term ____ to describe carbohydrates that contain **six to ten** _monosaccharide units_.
Oligosaccharides
92
In a disaccharide, **2 monosaccharide units** are _joined by a glycosidic bond_ between the ____ of one unit and an ____ group of another unit.
anomeric carbon; -OH
## Footnote
Condensation reactions between a hydroxyl oxygen atom on carbon on one sugar and the anomeric form of another sugar result in the formation of glycosidic bond. Then water is formed
[what is a glycosidic bond?](https://study.com/learn/lesson/glycosidic-bond.html)
93
What is known as the **most abundant disaccharide** and is acquired _from the juice of sugar cane and beets_?
Sucrose
94
What are the two monosaccharide units involved in the formation of sucrose?
- α-D-glucopyranose
- β-D-fructofuranose
| β-D-fructose & α-D-glucose
95
In sucrose, carbon 1 of α-D-glucopyranose bonds to carbon 2 of β-D-fructofuranose by what linkage notation?
| α-D-glucose to β-D-fructose by what bond?
α, β-1,2-glycosidic bond
| C-1 of α-D-glucose to C-2 of β-D-fructose
## Footnote
glu + fru = sucrose
96
Both anomeric carbons of sucrose are **involved in the formation of a glycosidic bond**, therefore, sucrose is what type of of sugar?
| reducing or non-reducing
non-reducing sugar
97
____ derives its name from its **presence in malt**, the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains.
| what disaccharide
Maltose
## Footnote
from starch
98
Maltose consists of two monosaccharide units. What are they?
D-glucopyranose
| D-glucose (2 cla)
99
The 2 monosaccharide units of maltose are enjoined between carbon 1 of one units and carbon 4 of the other unit, thereby naming the linkage notation as?
| α-D-glucopyranose to β-D-glucopyranose by what bond?
α-1,4-glycosidic bond
| C-1 of α-D-glucose to C-4 β-D-glucose
## Footnote
If β-D-glucose to α-D-glucose, then the molecule is **cellobiose** and _not maltose_
100
In maltose, since the hemiacetal group **β-D-glucose on the right** of α-D-glucose is _in equilibrium w/ the free aldehyde_ and can be *oxidized to a carboxylic acid,* maltose can be classified as what type of sugar?
| reducing or nonreducing
reducing sugar
101
What is the disaccharide principally present in milk?
Lactose
102
What are the two monosaccharide units involved in the formation of lactose?
- β-D-Galactopyranose
- β-D-Glucopyranose
| β-D-Galactose & β-D-Glucose
103
What do you call the linkage notation between the carbon 1 of β-D-Galactose and carbon 4 of β-D-Glucose?
| this is d
β-1,4-Glycosidic bond
104
In lactose, since the hemiacetal group **β-D-glucose on the right** of β-D-galactose is _in equilibrium w/ the free aldehyde_ and can be *oxidized to a carboxylic acid,* lactose can be classified as what type of sugar?
| reducing or nonreducing
reducing sugar
105
Among the common sweetening agents, what tastes the sweetest?
| even sweeter than table sugar?
D-fructose
106
What are the three important polysaccharides **all made up of glucose**?
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
| homosaccharide din cla
107
What do you call the polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants?
Starch
## Footnote
found in all plant seeds and tubers & is d form in which glucose is stored for later use
108
Starch **can be separated** into _two principal polysaccharides_. What are they?
Amylose & Amylopectin
109
The complete hydrolysis of Amylose and Amylopectin yields to?
α-D-Glucose
110
**Amylose** is _composed of continuous, unbranched_ chains of *as many as 4000 D-glucose units* joined by ____.
α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
111
**Amylopectin** is _composed of continuous, branching_ chains of *as many as 10,000 D-glucose units* joined by ____.
α-1,4-glycosidic bonds
112
The _branches_ of **Amylopectin** consists of *24-30 D-glucose units* that start/are joined with an ____.
| what linkage notation?
α-1,6-glycosidic bonds
113
What do you call the _helix conformation_ that is characterized with *six residues per turn* and is the **most usual conformation of amylose**?
Starch-Iodine Complex
## Footnote
Iodine molecules fit into the helix to form the complex
114
What enzymes attack the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch?
| 2 cla
- α-amylase
- β-amylase
115
# Identify the type of amylase
**an exoglycosidase** that *cleaves* from the _nonreducing end of the polymer_
β-amylase
116
# Identify the type of amylase
Maltose is the product of the reaction
β-amylase
117
# Identify the type of amylase
**an endoglycosidase** that hydrolyzes glycosidic linkages _anywhere along the chain_
α-amylase
118
# Identify the type of amylase
Glucose and maltose are the products of the reaction
α-amylase
119
____ enzymes degrade the α-1,6-glycosidic bonds of branches and they occur in both plants and animals.
Debranching enzymes
120
What do you call the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals?
Glycogen
121
Like amylopectin, glycogen is a branched polysaccharide containing how many glucose units?
~106 glucose units
122
Like amylopectin, glycogen's α-D-glucoses are joined by what linkage notation? what about its branches?
- α-1,4-glycosidic bonds (for α-D-glucose)
- α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (for branching)
123
What do you call the protein situated at the heart of every glycogen?
Glycogenin
124
What enzymes assist in the breakdown of glycogen?
- Glycogen phosphorylase
- Debranching enzymes
125
What polysaccharide is the **major structural component** of _plants_, especially of *wood and plant fibers*?
Cellulose
## Footnote
Cotton is almost pure cellulose btw
126
Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide made up of what glucose anomer?
β-D-glucose
127
The β-D-glucose units of Cellulose are joined by what linkage notations?
β-1,4-glycosidic bonds
128
Cellulose form intermolecular ____ bonds which accounts for the polysaccharide's **water-insoluble** and **well-organized** characteristic.
hydrogen bonds
129
**Humans** and other animals _cannot use cellulose_ as *food source* because of the *absence of what enzyme* in our digestive system?
β-glucosidase
## Footnote
We **only have α-glucosidase** in our body that is why _we can only use_ *starch and glycogen as sources of glucose*
130
____ are a **group of polysaccharides** that _contain_ *carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups*
Acidic polysaccharides
131
Because **acidic polysaccharides** _contain amino sugars_, a more current name for these substances is?
glycosaminoglycans
## Footnote
one of the sugars is an amino sugar and at least one sugar has a negative charge due to the presence of a sulfate of carboxyl grp
132
____ is the simplest acidic polysaccharide present in connective tissue. It has a molecular weight between 105 and 107 g/mol
Hyaluronic acid
## Footnote
also has 300 to 100,000 repeating units and most abundant in embryonic tissues and other "fluid" tissues
133
**Hyaluronic acid** is joined by a ____ bond between *D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine*.
β-1,3-glycosidic bond
## Footnote
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is in turn linked to D-glucuronic acid by a B-1,4-glycosidic bond
134
____is a heterogeneous mixture of **variably sulfonated polysaccharide** chains, ranging in molecular weight from 6000 to 30,000 g/mol. This acidic polysaccharide is _synthesized and stored in mast cells_.
Heparin
135
Heparin binds strongly to a plasma protein called what to terminate the clotting process?
| anticoagulant
antithrombin III
## Footnote
A heparin preparation with good anticoagulant activity contains a minimum of eight repeating units. The larger the molecule, the greater its anticoagulant activity
136
What do you call the linear homopolysaccharide with all the residues linked in β-1,4-glycosidic bonds?
Chitin
137
If the monomer of cellulose if β-D-glucose, the monomer of chitin is ____.
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine
138
What **polysaccharide** is present as the _major structural component_ in the *exoskeletons of invertebrates* and occurs in _cell walls_ of *algae, fungi, and yeast*?
Chitin
139
What do you call the polysaccharides that are major components of bacterial cell walls?
| hetero or homo
heteropolysaccharides
140
# Identify the heteropolysaccharide
- Polysaccharide that contains peptide crosslink
- found in bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan
141
# Identify the heteropolysaccharide
- Polymer made up of D-galacturonic acid which is a derivative of galactose
- found in plant cell walls
Pectin
142
# Identify the heteropolysaccharide
- Major nonpolysaccharide component in plant cell walls
- Polymer of coniferyl alcohol
## Footnote
kainis tlga c andrew naglalagay ng hindi nmn saccharides JUSME
Lignin
143
What do you call the molecules that contain residues that are covalently linked to the polypeptide chain?
Glycoproteins
144
What do you call the sugar chains present in glycoproteins?
oligosaccharide
## Footnote
[glycoprot vs proteogly](https://pediaa.com/difference-between-proteoglycan-and-glycoprotein/)
145
The oligosaccharide in antibodies (which are glycoprotz) acts as ____, which are portions of molecules that antibodies recognize as foreign and to which they bind
antigenic determinants
146
What do you call the sugar chains present in proteoglycans?
glycosaminoglycans
## Footnote
[glycoprot vs proteogly](https://pediaa.com/difference-between-proteoglycan-and-glycoprotein/)
147
The two monomers in **heteropolysaccharides** are _held together_ by *β-1,4-glycosidic bonds*. What r the two monomers?
- N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- N-acetylmuramic acid
148
Branched-chain polymer of A-D-glucose that is deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates
Glycogen
149
Type of sugar where antibodies belong to
Glycoproteins
150
Polymer of D-galacturonic acid that is found in cell walls
Pectin
