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Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

The most common source of energy is a biomolecule called what?

A

carbohydrate

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2
Q

Carbohydrates provide chemical energy in what forms?

3 carbs that provide energy?

A
  • Glucose
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
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3
Q

Carbohydrates, in plants, are components of supportive structures. What do u call this carb?

present in plant cell walls

A

cellulose

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4
Q

What are the two carbohydrates present in nucleic acids?

A
  • D-ribose
  • 2-deoxy-D-ribose
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5
Q

Before, scientists thought of Carbohydrates as hydrates of what?

A

Carbon

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6
Q

What is the empirical formula of Carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)m

Glucose or Galactose, for example, is a carbohydrate w/ a general formula C6H12O6. Divide these by a factor of 6 and you’ll be left w/ CH2O which is a “hydrate of carbon” (C w/ water)

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7
Q

At the molecular level, most carbohydrates are what?

poly + functional grp (2 ‘to)

A
  • polyhydroxyaldehydes
  • polyhydroxyketones

or compounds that yield them after hydrolysis

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8
Q

What do you call the carbohydrates w/ a single sugar molecule?

monomer of carbs

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

____ are monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group; whereas ____ are monosaccharides containing a ketone grp

A

Aldoses; Ketoses

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10
Q

In the naming of carbohydrates, the suffix -____ indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate.

A

-ose

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11
Q

In the naming of carbohydrates, the prefixes tri-, tetr-, pent-, etc. indicate what?

A

no. of carbon atoms in the chain

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12
Q

What do you call the simplest monosaccharides that contain three carbon atoms?

A

Trioses

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13
Q

There are only two trioses, what are they?

A
  • Dihydroxyacetone
  • Glyceraldehyde
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14
Q

Among the two trioses, which of them does not contain a chiral carbon atom?

A

Dihydroxyacetone

since no chirality present, this molecule does not have nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms (enantiomers)

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15
Q

Among the two trioses, which of them has a chiral carbon?

A

Glyceraldehyde

since there is chirality at carbon number three, there are two possible enantiomers of Glyceraldehyde: L- & D-Glyceraldehyde

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16
Q

The possibility of ____ increases as the number of carbon items increases.

optical isomerism

A

stereoisomerism

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17
Q

What do you call the 2-D representations of the stereochemistry of 3-D molecules?

A

Fischer projections

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18
Q

In Fischer projections, the horizontal lines represent bonds directed ____ you. The vertical lines signify that bonds are directed ____ from you.

away or toward

A

towards; away

dark wedges = towards u (out of the page); broken lines = away (into the page)

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19
Q

Who proposed the Fischer projections?

A

Emil FIscher

in 1891 :ooo

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20
Q

The D in D-enantiomer means? While L is for?

A

Dextrorotary; Levorotatory

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21
Q

L- and D- refers to the direction of rotation of plane-polarized light (clockwise or counterclockwise). Glyceraldehyde has a specific rotation of how many degrees?

A

+-13.5o

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22
Q

What monosaccharide served as the reference point for the enantiomers of all the other aldoses and ketoses?

A

glyceraldehyde

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23
Q

What do you call the Carbon that is the reference point wherein it is the next-to-the-last carbon on the chain?

A

penultimate carbon

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24
Q

A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the right

A

D-Monosaccharide

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25
Q

A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the left.

A

L-Monosaccharide

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26
Q

What do you call the monosaccharide that have four possible stereoisomers due to two chiral carbons?

A

Aldotetroses

2 isomers are D; 2 are L. One of each two is an epimer

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27
Q

What do call the diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at only one chiral carbon?

A

Epimers

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28
Q

The D- and L- configuration may be determined by looking at the -OH group at the ____-numbered carbon

highest or lowest

A

highest

In naming carbohydates, remember that we start where the aldehyde or ketone grp is. Usually, the highest-numbered carbon is the one away from the aldehyde/ketone grp

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29
Q

The highest-numbered carbon may be also called as what carbon?

the orientation of this carbon determines the D or L configuration

A

penultimate carbon

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30
Q

What are the most important monosaccharides to us?

hexoses found prominently in our metabolism

A
  • D-glucose
  • D-galactose
  • D-fructose
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31
Q

Also known as dextrose, what is the most common hexose that is an aldohexose?

A

D-glucose

found in honey, corn syrup, veggies, fruits and in our blood

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32
Q

normal glucose concentrations in the blood would be?

mg/dL

A

65 - 110 mg/dL

1mM=18mg/dL

hyper or hypoglycemia :oo

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33
Q

It is the sweetest of the carbohydrates, being twice as sweet as table sugar. What is this monosaccharide?

A

D-fructose

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34
Q

D-fructose is also called what?

A
  • levulose
  • fruit sugar
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35
Q

Like the most common hexose, this one is also an aldohexose and is found in milk and dairy products, what do u call this monosaccharide?

A

D-Galactose

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36
Q

What do you call the condition when a person is missing the enzyme that converts D-galactose to D-glucose?

A

Galactosemia

Galactoose accumulates in the blood & tissues, leading to cataracts, mental detardation, and liver disease.

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37
Q

With pentoses and hexoses, the most stable forms are actually ____ structures containing five or six atoms.

A

ring

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38
Q

What do you call the way of representing the cyclic structure of monosaccharides?

A

Haworth projection

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39
Q

A way to view furanose and pyranose; the ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the right and the oxygen atom to the rear.

A

Haworth projection

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40
Q

What do you call the hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide?

A

Anomeric carbon

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41
Q

What do you call the monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons?

A

Anomers

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42
Q

What do you call the new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure that is based on FIscher projection?

A

Anomeric carbon

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43
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called ____.

A

Anomers

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44
Q

The anomeric carbon of an aldose is carbon number what in haworth projections?

A

Carbon 1

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45
Q

The anomeric carbon of ketoses are carbon number what?

A

Carbon 2

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46
Q

Cyclization of sugars takes place because of interactions between functional groups on distant carbons.

The -OH grp in Carbon number what attacks the Carbon-1in fischer projections to form a cyclic hemiacetal in aldohexoses?

A

Carbon-5 or Carbon-4

nucleophilic attack ng -OH grp

C-4 hydroxyl attacking the carbonyl group will lead to the formation of a 5-membered ring, while the attack of C-5 hydroxyl at the carbonyl group will generate a 6-membered ring. In the case of glucose, a 6-membered ring is thermodynamically more stable than a 5-membered ring, thus favoring the formation of a 6-membered ring over a 5-membered ring.
Khan cyclic hemiacetals

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47
Q

On Fischer projections, the substituents of the stereocenters located right are pointing where in Haworth projections?

A

pointing down

only exemptions, if u’ll notice, are carbons 5 & 6. This is because the OH of the nucleophilic carbon needs to be in a desirable location (nearest the aldehyde or ketone). So the substituents of these groups rotate in a counterclockwise manner so that -OH of C-5 will easily attack the aldehyde.
Ochemtutor timestamp

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48
Q

On Fischer projections, the substituents of the stereocenters located left are pointing where in Haworth projections?

A

pointing up

only exemptions, if u’ll notice, are carbons 5 & 6. This is because the OH of the nucleophilic carbon needs to be in a desirable location (nearest the aldehyde or ketone). So the substituents of these groups rotate in a counterclockwise manner so that -OH of C-5 will easily attack the aldehyde.
Ochemtutor timestamp

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49
Q

What do you call a six-membered hemiacetal ring?

A

pyranose

indicated by -pyran-

corresponds to the shape of the heterocyclic compound pyran

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50
Q

What do you call a five-membered hemiacetal ring?

A

furanose

indicated by -furan-

corresponds to the shape of the heterocyclic compound furan

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51
Q

On Fischer projections, the -OH grp at the anomeric carbon that is located right are what types of anomers in Haworth projections?

A

α-anomer

In Fisher projections, the ones located on the right are pointing down. since we know that CH2OH is pointing up on Haworth, the α- designation means that the -OH is trans to CH2OH

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52
Q

On Fischer projections, the -OH grp at the anomeric carbon that is located left are what types of anomers in Haworth projections?

A

β-anomer

In Fisher projections, the ones located on the left are pointing up. since we know that CH2OH is pointing up on Haworth, the α- designation means that the -OH is cis to CH2OH

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53
Q

In Haworth projections, the α- designation means that the -OH of the anomeric carbon is ____ to CH2OH

cis or trans?

A

trans

CH2OH is pointing up while the -OH grp of the anomeric carbon is pointing down

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54
Q

In Haworth projections, the β- designation means that the -OH of the anomeric carbon is ____ to CH2OH

cis or trans?

A

cis

CH2OH is pointing up and the -OH grp of the anomeric carbon is pointing up too

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55
Q

Because the α- and β- forms of glucose are six-membered cyclic hemiacetals, they are named ____ & ____, respectively

A

α-d-glucopyranose; β–d-glucopyranose

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56
Q

The designations -furan- and -pyran- are sometimes omitted in monosaccharide. Thus, the glucopyranoses, for example, are often named simply as what?

A

α-d-glucose & β-d-glucose

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57
Q

The most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world are ____.

furanoses or pyranoses

A

furanoses

remember that the sugar grps in nucleics are pentoses (aldopentoses) and are 5-membered rings ryt

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58
Q

What do you call the change in specific rotation that occurs when an α or β form of a carbohydrate is converted to an equilibrium mixture of the two forms?

A

Mutarotation

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59
Q

α-D-glucose has a specific rotation of how many degrees?

A

+112o

this is how much it rotates plane-polarized light

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60
Q

β-D-glucose has a specific rotation of how many degrees?

A

+18.7o

this is how much it rotates plane-polarized light

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61
Q

In water or aqeuous solutions, glucose (α-D-glucose & β-D-glucose) has now a rotation of how many degrees?

A

+52.7o

62
Q

In equilibrium, the glucose mixture consists of how much (in %) α-D-glucose & β-D-glucose?

glucose is in equi when in water

A
  • α-D-glucose = 36%
  • β-D-glucose = 64%

iirc, this is because the +18.7o of β-D-glucose is much nearer the equilibrium rotation of +52.7o than the 112o rotation of α-D-glucose
mutarotation ochemtutor

63
Q

The treatment of a monosaccharide—all forms of which exist almost exclusively as cyclic hemiacetals—with an alcohol yields a what?

hemiacetal (sabi natin sugars r hemiacetals) + alcohol

  • CHO + alcohol forms RO-C-OH (hemiacetal/hemiketal)
  • RO-C-OH + alcohol forms RO-C-OR (did not add the other two substituents pa ng C which is supposed to be another R and H)
A

an acetal

cyclic acetal

Formation of Glycosides (Acetals) - Treatment of an aldehyde or a ketone with one molecule of alcohol yields a hemiacetal and treatment of the hemiacetal with a molecule of alcohol yields an acetal.
click
2nd source

64
Q

A cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called a what?

A

glycoside

65
Q

What do you call the bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR grp in cyclic acetals?

A

glycosidic bond

Condensation reactions between a hydroxyl oxygen atom on carbon on one sugar and the anomeric form of another sugar result in the formation of glycosidic bond. Then water is formed what is a glycosidic bond?

66
Q

Unlike a hemiacetal, an acetal is no longer in equilibrium with the open-chain carbonyl-containing compound, mutarotation is ____.

possible or not possible

A

not possible

67
Q

What is the name of the glycoside of β-D-glucose after reacting w/ methanol?

A

methyl β-D-glucoside

In naming glycosides, we add the alkyl or aryl grp bonded to the oxygen then the -e suffix is replaced with ide.

68
Q

A variety of reducing agents, such as H in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can reduce the ketone grp of a monosaccharide to a ____.

to what functional grp?

A

hydroxyl grp

-OH grp; 2ndary alcohol

69
Q

What do you call the product after a carbonyl grp of a monosaccharide is reduced to a hydroxyl group?

carbonyl group = aldehyde (CHO)

A

alditol

70
Q

After the carbonyl group (aldehyde) of D-glucose is reduced, the product is now called as?

what do u call d alditol

A

D-glucitol

more commonly known as D-sorbitol

We name alditols by dropping the -ose from the name of the monosaccharide and adding -itol

71
Q

Since aldehydes may be oxidixed to form carboxylic acids, aldoses may also be oxidized under ____ conditions to form a carboxylate grp.

acidic or basic

A

basic

72
Q

the cyclic form of the aldose is oxidized by the mild oxidizing agent. Therefore, the aldose is what type of agent and what reaction did it undergo?

A

reducing agent; oxidation

73
Q

Under basic conditions, the cyclic form of the aldose is in equilibrium with the open-chain form, which is then oxidized by the mild oxidizing agent. C1 of D-Glucose, for example, is oxidized to what?

A

D-gluconate

74
Q

What do you call a carbohydrate that reacts with a mild oxidizing reagent under basic conditions to give an aldonic acid?

A

reducing sugars

the carbohydrate reduces the oxidizing agent

75
Q

What test is used to detect the presence of reducing sugars?

A

Tollens test

76
Q

Oxidation of a cyclic hemiacetal form gives a ____, which is a cyclic ester linking the carboxyl grp and one of the sugar alcohols.

A

lactone

77
Q

What is the oxidizing agent used in Tollens test?

A

Ag(NH3)2+

78
Q

If anomeric carbons are involved in a glycosidic linkage, then the result in Tollens will be ____.

(+) or (-)?

A

negative

i think this is because may naka-bond n sa carboxylate ion so Ag(NH3)2+ cannot bond n (ata) haha so walang silver mirror appearance s tube

79
Q

If anomeric carbons is not bonded and is free, then the result in Tollens will be ____.

(+) or (-)?

A

positive

i think this is because Ag(NH3)2+ can bond n (ata) haha and Ag is responsible for its silver mirror appearance s tube

80
Q

What do you call the reduced sugars in which a hydrogen atom is substituted for one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar?

present in nucleic acids

A

Deoxy sugars

81
Q

An enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a hexose yields a what?

A

uronic acid

82
Q

The enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of D-glucose yields what?

A

D-glucuronic acid

D-Glucuronic acid is widely distributed in both the plant and animal worlds. In humans, it serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues

83
Q

What is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to give the phosphorylated sugar and ADP?

the bond between the phosphate grp and d phosphorylated sugar?

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, making glucose-6-phosphate, which is the first step in glycoslysis
from ATP to Gluc

A

Phosphate esters

these are intermediates in the breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy

84
Q

What do you call a glycoside involving a furanose?

A

furanoside

85
Q

What do you call a glycoside involving a pyranose?

A

Pyranoside

86
Q

The glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units are the basis for the formation of what saccharides?

A

oligo and polysaccharides

the notation for the linkage specifies the bond between the anomeric carbon nd d other carbon where d glycosidic bond is attached to.

87
Q

If the internal monosaccharide residues that are incorporated in a polysaccharide form only two glycosidic bonds, the polymer will be ____.

linear, cyclic, branched, or what?

A

linear

88
Q

If the internal monosaccharide residues that are incorporated in a polysaccharide form three glycosidic bonds, the polymer will be ____.

linear, cyclic, branched, or what?

A

branched

89
Q

What do you call sugars with a substituted amino grp (-NH2)?

A

Amino sugars

90
Q

What do you call carbs that have two units?

A

disaccharides

3 units r trisaccharides

91
Q

We use the general term ____ to describe carbohydrates that contain six to ten monosaccharide units.

A

Oligosaccharides

92
Q

In a disaccharide, 2 monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic bond between the ____ of one unit and an ____ group of another unit.

A

anomeric carbon; -OH

Condensation reactions between a hydroxyl oxygen atom on carbon on one sugar and the anomeric form of another sugar result in the formation of glycosidic bond. Then water is formed
what is a glycosidic bond?

93
Q

What is known as the most abundant disaccharide and is acquired from the juice of sugar cane and beets?

A

Sucrose

94
Q

What are the two monosaccharide units involved in the formation of sucrose?

A
  • α-D-glucopyranose
  • β-D-fructofuranose

β-D-fructose & α-D-glucose

95
Q

In sucrose, carbon 1 of α-D-glucopyranose bonds to carbon 2 of β-D-fructofuranose by what linkage notation?

α-D-glucose to β-D-fructose by what bond?

A

α, β-1,2-glycosidic bond

C-1 of α-D-glucose to C-2 of β-D-fructose

glu + fru = sucrose

96
Q

Both anomeric carbons of sucrose are involved in the formation of a glycosidic bond, therefore, sucrose is what type of of sugar?

reducing or non-reducing

A

non-reducing sugar

97
Q

____ derives its name from its presence in malt, the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains.

what disaccharide

A

Maltose

from starch

98
Q

Maltose consists of two monosaccharide units. What are they?

A

D-glucopyranose

D-glucose (2 cla)

99
Q

The 2 monosaccharide units of maltose are enjoined between carbon 1 of one units and carbon 4 of the other unit, thereby naming the linkage notation as?

α-D-glucopyranose to β-D-glucopyranose by what bond?

A

α-1,4-glycosidic bond

C-1 of α-D-glucose to C-4 β-D-glucose

If β-D-glucose to α-D-glucose, then the molecule is cellobiose and not maltose

100
Q

In maltose, since the hemiacetal group β-D-glucose on the right of α-D-glucose is in equilibrium w/ the free aldehyde and can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, maltose can be classified as what type of sugar?

reducing or nonreducing

A

reducing sugar

101
Q

What is the disaccharide principally present in milk?

A

Lactose

102
Q

What are the two monosaccharide units involved in the formation of lactose?

A
  • β-D-Galactopyranose
  • β-D-Glucopyranose

β-D-Galactose & β-D-Glucose

103
Q

What do you call the linkage notation between the carbon 1 of β-D-Galactose and carbon 4 of β-D-Glucose?

this is d

A

β-1,4-Glycosidic bond

104
Q

In lactose, since the hemiacetal group β-D-glucose on the right of β-D-galactose is in equilibrium w/ the free aldehyde and can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid, lactose can be classified as what type of sugar?

reducing or nonreducing

A

reducing sugar

105
Q

Among the common sweetening agents, what tastes the sweetest?

even sweeter than table sugar?

A

D-fructose

106
Q

What are the three important polysaccharides all made up of glucose?

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

homosaccharide din cla

107
Q

What do you call the polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants?

A

Starch

found in all plant seeds and tubers & is d form in which glucose is stored for later use

108
Q

Starch can be separated into two principal polysaccharides. What are they?

A

Amylose & Amylopectin

109
Q

The complete hydrolysis of Amylose and Amylopectin yields to?

A

α-D-Glucose

110
Q

Amylose is composed of continuous, unbranched chains of as many as 4000 D-glucose units joined by ____.

A

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

111
Q

Amylopectin is composed of continuous, branching chains of as many as 10,000 D-glucose units joined by ____.

A

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

112
Q

The branches of Amylopectin consists of 24-30 D-glucose units that start/are joined with an ____.

what linkage notation?

A

α-1,6-glycosidic bonds

113
Q

What do you call the helix conformation that is characterized with six residues per turn and is the most usual conformation of amylose?

A

Starch-Iodine Complex

Iodine molecules fit into the helix to form the complex

114
Q

What enzymes attack the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch?

2 cla

A
  • α-amylase
  • β-amylase
115
Q

Identify the type of amylase

an exoglycosidase that cleaves from the nonreducing end of the polymer

A

β-amylase

116
Q

Identify the type of amylase

Maltose is the product of the reaction

A

β-amylase

117
Q

Identify the type of amylase

an endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes glycosidic linkages anywhere along the chain

A

α-amylase

118
Q

Identify the type of amylase

Glucose and maltose are the products of the reaction

A

α-amylase

119
Q

____ enzymes degrade the α-1,6-glycosidic bonds of branches and they occur in both plants and animals.

A

Debranching enzymes

120
Q

What do you call the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals?

A

Glycogen

121
Q

Like amylopectin, glycogen is a branched polysaccharide containing how many glucose units?

A

~106 glucose units

122
Q

Like amylopectin, glycogen’s α-D-glucoses are joined by what linkage notation? what about its branches?

A
  • α-1,4-glycosidic bonds (for α-D-glucose)
  • α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (for branching)
123
Q

What do you call the protein situated at the heart of every glycogen?

A

Glycogenin

124
Q

What enzymes assist in the breakdown of glycogen?

A
  • Glycogen phosphorylase
  • Debranching enzymes
125
Q

What polysaccharide is the major structural component of plants, especially of wood and plant fibers?

A

Cellulose

Cotton is almost pure cellulose btw

126
Q

Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide made up of what glucose anomer?

A

β-D-glucose

127
Q

The β-D-glucose units of Cellulose are joined by what linkage notations?

A

β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

128
Q

Cellulose form intermolecular ____ bonds which accounts for the polysaccharide’s water-insoluble and well-organized characteristic.

A

hydrogen bonds

129
Q

Humans and other animals cannot use cellulose as food source because of the absence of what enzyme in our digestive system?

A

β-glucosidase

We only have α-glucosidase in our body that is why we can only use starch and glycogen as sources of glucose

130
Q

____ are a group of polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

A

Acidic polysaccharides

131
Q

Because acidic polysaccharides contain amino sugars, a more current name for these substances is?

A

glycosaminoglycans

one of the sugars is an amino sugar and at least one sugar has a negative charge due to the presence of a sulfate of carboxyl grp

132
Q

____ is the simplest acidic polysaccharide present in connective tissue. It has a molecular weight between 105 and 107 g/mol

A

Hyaluronic acid

also has 300 to 100,000 repeating units and most abundant in embryonic tissues and other “fluid” tissues

133
Q

Hyaluronic acid is joined by a ____ bond between D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

A

β-1,3-glycosidic bond

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is in turn linked to D-glucuronic acid by a B-1,4-glycosidic bond

134
Q

____is a heterogeneous mixture of variably sulfonated polysaccharide chains, ranging in molecular weight from 6000 to 30,000 g/mol. This acidic polysaccharide is synthesized and stored in mast cells.

A

Heparin

135
Q

Heparin binds strongly to a plasma protein called what to terminate the clotting process?

anticoagulant

A

antithrombin III

A heparin preparation with good anticoagulant activity contains a minimum of eight repeating units. The larger the molecule, the greater its anticoagulant activity

136
Q

What do you call the linear homopolysaccharide with all the residues linked in β-1,4-glycosidic bonds?

A

Chitin

137
Q

If the monomer of cellulose if β-D-glucose, the monomer of chitin is ____.

A

N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine

138
Q

What polysaccharide is present as the major structural component in the exoskeletons of invertebrates and occurs in cell walls of algae, fungi, and yeast?

A

Chitin

139
Q

What do you call the polysaccharides that are major components of bacterial cell walls?

hetero or homo

A

heteropolysaccharides

140
Q

Identify the heteropolysaccharide

  • Polysaccharide that contains peptide crosslink
  • found in bacterial cell wall
A

Peptidoglycan

141
Q

Identify the heteropolysaccharide

  • Polymer made up of D-galacturonic acid which is a derivative of galactose
  • found in plant cell walls
A

Pectin

142
Q

Identify the heteropolysaccharide

  • Major nonpolysaccharide component in plant cell walls
  • Polymer of coniferyl alcohol

kainis tlga c andrew naglalagay ng hindi nmn saccharides JUSME

A

Lignin

143
Q

What do you call the molecules that contain residues that are covalently linked to the polypeptide chain?

A

Glycoproteins

144
Q

What do you call the sugar chains present in glycoproteins?

A

oligosaccharide

glycoprot vs proteogly

145
Q

The oligosaccharide in antibodies (which are glycoprotz) acts as ____, which are portions of molecules that antibodies recognize as foreign and to which they bind

A

antigenic determinants

146
Q

What do you call the sugar chains present in proteoglycans?

A

glycosaminoglycans

glycoprot vs proteogly

147
Q

The two monomers in heteropolysaccharides are held together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. What r the two monomers?

A
  • N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
148
Q

Branched-chain polymer of A-D-glucose that is deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates

A

Glycogen

149
Q

Type of sugar where antibodies belong to

A

Glycoproteins

150
Q

Polymer of D-galacturonic acid that is found in cell walls

A

Pectin

lmao (14 decks)

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