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Introduction to Radiologic Sciences > Nuclear Medicine: A Profession > Flashcards

Nuclear Medicine: A Profession Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important qualities of a nuclear medicine technologist?

A
  • Ability to use technology
  • Analytical skills
  • Compassion
  • Detail oriented
  • Interpersonal skills
  • Physical stamina
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2
Q

What are the roles/tasks of a nuclear medicine technologist?

A
  1. Perform tests for diagnosis and medical research.
  2. prepare and give small doses of radioactive drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) to patients
  3. use high-level imaging equipment to record images of the radioactive material in the body.
  4. give doses of radiation to patients internally to treat medical conditions.
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3
Q

who interpret the images to study and diagnose an infection or disorder?

A

Physicians

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4
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologists need the ability to use technology?

A

Nuclear medicine technologists work with computers and large pieces of technological equipment and must be comfortable operating them.

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5
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologist need Analytical skills?

A

Nuclear medicine technologists must understand anatomy, physiology, and other sciences and be able to calculate accurate dosages.

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6
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologist need compassion?

A
  • Nuclear medicine technologists must be able to reassure and calm patients who are under physical and emotional stress.
  • practice empathy to understand your patient
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7
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologist need to be Detail oriented

A
  • Nuclear medicine technologists must follow exact instructions to make sure that the correct dosage is given and that the patient is not over exposed to radiation.
  • The goal of the International Atomic Agency is to reduce radiation exposure; do not overexpose yourself and the patient
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8
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologist need Interpersonal skills?

A
  • Nuclear medicine technologists interact with patients and often work as part of a team.
  • They must be able to follow instructions from a supervising physician.
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9
Q

Why do nuclear medicine technologist need physical stamina?

A

Nuclear medicine technologists must stand for long periods and be able to lift and move patients who need help.

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10
Q

What is the scope of practice of nuclear medicine technologist?

A
  • Preparing and administering radioactive drugs
  • Capturing images that a physician will use to diagnose an infection or disorder
  • Limiting radiation exposure to the patient and staff members
  • Administering the test
  • Analysing specimens in the lab
  • Setting up appointments
  • Explaining procedure to patients
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11
Q

What are the common diagnostic procedures?

A
  1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging
  2. Bone Scan
  3. Ventilation and Perfusion lung Imaging
  4. Myocardial Perfusion (Nuclear stress test)
  5. Kidney Imaging
  6. Sentinel Node Imaging
  7. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GRF)
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12
Q

widely used for the staging, response assessment, and evaluation of recurrence in a variety of cancer.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in Oncology

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13
Q

Assesses bone metabolism and is routinely used in the staging of a variety of cancer and also has a role in other bone pathologies.

A

Bone Scan

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14
Q

Spreading of cancer within the body

A

Metastasis

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15
Q

The use of two imaging agents in succession to make the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (lung clot).

A

Ventilation and Perfusion lung Imaging

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16
Q

evaluates how well blood circulates in the lungs

A

Perfusion

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17
Q

ability of air to reach all parts of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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18
Q
  • An imaging test that shows how blood is flowing through the heart
  • Differences in blood flow between a rest state and a stressed state provide information about the heart’s blood supply
  • Done to show how well blood flows to different tissues and shows how well the heart is pumping; increases the speed of the treadmill to know the stress level of the heart
  • Utilize tiny radioactive substances and travel to the bloodstream and absorb to heart muscle and identify the area of damage
  • Commonly done by people who experienced heart attack
A

Myocardial Perfusion (Nuclear stress test)

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18
Q
  • Used to evaluate kidney scarring and drainage
  • Normally use technetium - 99M (metastable) for procedure
A

Kidney Imaging

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19
Q
  • Used to assess lymphatic drainage of a tumor, where a tracer is injected into a tumor to identify the draining lymph nodes.
  • This technique is used in a variety of cancer types to guide surgery
  • A biopsy is done along with the probe and needle by getting sample tissue on the breast to identify if the tumor is benign or cancerous.
A

Sentinel Node Imaging

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20
Q

Kidney Filtration; used to calculate dosage of potentially harmful chemotherapy agents.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GRF)

21
Q

What are the different therapeutic procedures done by nuclear medicine technologist?

A
  1. Administering Radio-iodine
  2. Treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors
  3. Treatment of bone metastases
22
Q
  • Taken up very efficiently by thyroid tissue.
  • The aim is to deliver a large dose of radiation locally and damage surrounding abnormal cells.
  • This is used for the treatment of overactive thyroid glands and thyroid cancer.
A

Administering Radio-iodine

23
Q

Who performed the first targeted cancer therapy using iodine?

A

Dr. Saul Hertz (1905 - 1950)

24
Q
  • Enlargement of the thyroid gland
A

Goiter

25
Q

Tumors relating to the nervous system and hormone glands that have spread from the original cancer site.

A

metastatic neuroendocrine tumors

26
Q

How is the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors done?

A

By attaching a radioactive emitter to specially tailored molecules, a large dose of radiation can be delivered very precisely to the cancer and damage local malignant cells.

27
Q

what is bone metastases

A

Where cancer spreads to the bones.

28
Q

How is treatment of bone metastases done?

A

using bone-seeking highly radioactive substances, which can control metastatic (or secondary) cancer

29
Q

Nuclear medicine can be combine with what sub-specialties?

A
  • acute internal medicine
  • nuclear cardiology
  • oncology
  • endocrinology
  • metabolic bone disease
  • pediatrics
30
Q

What is the work environment of nuclear medicine technologist?

A
  • work in hospitals.
  • Some work in physicians’ offices, diagnostic laboratories, or imaging clinics.
  • Most work full time.
31
Q

Injuries and Illnesses for Nuclear Medicine Technologists

A
  • Radiation hazards
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Exposed to infectious diseases
32
Q

How are radiation hazards minimized?

A
  • by the use of gloves and other shielding devices.
  • wearing badges that measure radiation levels in the radiation area.
  • through instruments monitoring their radiation exposure
  • keeping detailed records are kept on how much radiation they get over their lifetime.
  • using safety procedures to minimize radiation exposure to patients, other healthcare workers, and themselves
33
Q

How is exposure to radiation checked?

A

through the use of geiger mueller device

34
Q
  • is a device used for the detection and measurement of all
    types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation
A

Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube)

35
Q

a lead collar that wraps around your neck to block the radiation
that’s generated in making X-ray images.

A

Thyroid shield

36
Q

For chest and and arm protection to reduce radiation exposure

A

Led Gown and Gloves

37
Q
  • A pin that is worn in the chest area or waist level with the name facing away from your body
  • detects how much radiation you absorb
A

OSL: Optically Stimulated Luminescence

37
Q
  • In Sievert
  • A limitation on how much radiation a healthcare professional must be exposed to
A

Occupational Dose

38
Q

The definition of medical radiation exposures (ICRP Publication 105)

A
  • Exposure of individuals for diagnostic, interventional, and therapeutic purposes, including exposure of the embryo/fetus or infant during medical exposure of patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • Exposures (other than occupational) incurred knowingly and willingly by individuals, such as family and close friends (or other comforters), helping either in hospital or at home in the support and comfort of patients undergoing diagnosis or treatment.
  • Exposures incurred by volunteers as part of a program of biomedical research that provides no direct benefit to the volunteers.
39
Q

What does ICRP stand for?

A

International Commission on Radiation Protection

40
Q

JUSTIFICATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE PROCEDURES

A

medical radiation exposure can be justified when the benefit exceeds the harm

41
Q

The ICRP Publication 73 defines the justification of medical radiation exposure as follows:

A

“No practice involving exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces at least sufficient benefit to the exposed individuals or to society to offset the radiation detriment it causes”.

42
Q

TOP 5” LIST OF THINGS THAT PHYSICIANS AND PATIENTS
SHOULD QUESTION IN NUCLEAR IMAGING PROCEDURES

A

1.Do not use PET/CT for cancer screening in healthy individuals.
2. Do not perform routine annual stress testing after coronary artery revascularization.
3. Do not use nuclear medicine thyroid scans to evaluate thyroid nodules in patients with normal thyroid gland function.
4. Avoid using a computed tomography (CT) angiogram to diagnose pulmonary embolism in young women with a normal chest radiograph; consider a radionuclide lung study (“V/Q study”) instead.
5. Do not use PET imaging in the evaluation of patients with dementia unless the patient has been assessed by a specialist in the field

43
Q

OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE PROCEDURES

A
  • refers to the principle that the radiation dose to the
    patients should be “as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)”.
  • efforts to reduce administered radiopharmaceutical activity
44
Q

Cardinal Principle

A
  • Time (shorter exposure the better)
  • distance (the farther the better)
  • shielding (protections; led goggles, barriers shoes etc.)
45
Q

Guidance for radiology and other practitioners especially in pediatric for doses should be taken

A

DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL (DRL)

46
Q

values of measured quantities above which a specified action or decision should be taken

A

ICRP Publication 60 in 1991

47
Q
  • a particular form of reference level that applies to dose management in medical imaging.
  • specifically defines the concept of DRL
  • It is distinguished from dose limit or dose constraint
A

ICRP Publication 73

48
Q

usually used as a DRL in X-ray studies to indicate relatively over-exposed cases.

A

discrete percentile cutoff (75th percentile within a community or country)

Introduction to Radiologic Sciences (7 decks)

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