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Energy 201 > Nuclear energy > Flashcards

Nuclear energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is nuclear energy

A

Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus, core of the atom that holds it together.

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2
Q

What is fission

A

Fission is when the nucleus is split into two nuclei. This releases energy

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3
Q

What is fusion

A

Two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus

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4
Q

Does the sun do fission or fusion

A

fusion

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5
Q

How many radioactive elements are there

A

37

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6
Q

How many of the radioactive elements are manmade

A

26

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7
Q

What are the types of radiation

A

Alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma rays, neutron emissions

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8
Q

Is alpha penetration power or beta penetration power higher

A

beta

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9
Q

Fill in the blanks with alpha and beta:
_______ could be blocked by sheet of papers but _______
could by plastics or thin layers of aluminum

A

alpha
beta

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks with alpha and beta:
______ particles consists of two protons and two
neutrons whereas ______ particles consist of high-energy
electrons and positrons. ______ has two positive charges (because of protons)
while _______ has negative and positive charges.

A

alpha
beta
alpha
beta

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11
Q

During the fission of heavier elements, alpha radiation is released as ___ protons and ___ neutrons

A

2
2

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12
Q

Define half life

A

The time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.

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13
Q

What does the decay law describe

A

The Decay Law describes how the quantity of a radioactive substance decreases over time.

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14
Q

What is Activity (A) measured in and what does it represent

A

Activity (𝑨) is measured in units of Becquerels (Bq) and Curies (Ci), where one Curie
is equivalent to 3.7Γ—1010 Becquerels

The number of disintegrations, or decays, per second (dps) of a radioisotope.
𝑨=𝝀𝑡

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15
Q

What’s the world total quantity of uranium. in tons

A

6,147,800

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16
Q

What 3 countries account for more than 2/3 of the total world production of uranium

A

Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia

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17
Q

Fill in the blanks:
The nuclear fuel
cycle includes all activities involved in __________, _________, and ___________
nuclear fuel

A

procuring, refining, and utilizing

18
Q

Define front end cycle

A

The steps taken before the nuclear reactors power generation

19
Q

Define Back end cycle

A

The steps taken to safely handle, prepare, and dispose of used nuclear fuel

20
Q

What steps are included in the front end cycle

A

mining, milling, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication

21
Q

What steps are included in the back end cycle

A

interim storage, spent fuel reprocessing, final disposition

22
Q

Which step of the nuclear fuel cycle is not in the front end cycle or the back end cycle

A

nuclear reactor step

23
Q

List the steps in the nuclear fuel cycle

A

mining, miling, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, nuclear reactor, interim storage, spent fuel reprocessing(goes back to enrichment and fuel fabrication), final disposition

24
Q

What are the types of nuclear reactors

A

Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor(AGR), Gas-cooled reactor(Magnox), High-temperature gas reactor (Fast Breeder), Pressurized Water Reactor(PRW), Graphite boiling water reactor (GBWR), boiling water reactor (BWR), Canadian deuterium uranium(CANDU)

25
Q

What are the three main components of the pressurized water reactor

A

Primary cooling loop, secondary cooling loop, steam generation and usage

26
Q

Describe a pressurized water reactor and how it creates electricity

A
  1. Primary cooling loop transports heat from the reactor core, the water flows from the core to a steam generator through a pressurizer
  2. Secondary cooling loop is at a lower pressure and receives water slightly below boiling temperature.
  3. Steam generation process is when the water becomes steam that drives turbines to produces electrical power.
27
Q

Describe how the boiling water reactor works

A

At an intermediate pressure water flows through the reactor core and is directly boiled into steam within the reactor vessel. Separators and dryers convert the saturated steam into superheated steam, powering a steam turbine to produce electricity

28
Q

Which nuclear reactor is the graphite boiling water reactor similar to? and how is it set apart from that one

A

Similar to the boiling water reactor.
It is set apart due to its use of graphite and oxygen in the control rods, differing from traditional BWR designs

29
Q

What is the dual-use potentials of the GBWR

A

power generation and plutonium production

30
Q

What is the fuel type of the Canadian deuterium uranium

A

natural uranium

31
Q

What is the fuel assembly design for CANDU

A

composed of zirconium alloy-clad tubes
contains natural uranium dioxide pellets

32
Q

For the CANDU, can the fuel assemblies be changed while the reactor is operational

A

yes
New assemblies are inserted at one end of
the pressure tube; spent fuel is removed
from the opposite end.

33
Q

What is the advantage for the CANDU

A

It allows higher capacity ratios compared to other reactor types. This means the ratio of actual output energy over maximum possible energy that could be

34
Q

What is the fuel type and moderator for the gas-cooled reactor(Magnox)

A

fuel type is natural uranium
moderator is graphite

35
Q

What is the coolant and primary use location for the Magnox

A

CO2, alternative helium
Predominantly UK and France

36
Q

What is the type of fuel rod cladding used for the Magnox

A

magnesium aluminum alloys

37
Q

Does the advanced gas-cooled reactor use natural uranium or enriched uranium

A

enriched uranium

38
Q

What type of coolant does the advanced gas-cooled reactor use

A

CO2 or helium

39
Q

What are the fuel types of the high-temperature gas reactor (fast breeder)

A

uranium-235, uranium-238, and plutonium-239

40
Q

What is the cooling system for the high-temperature gas reactor(fast breeder)and what is the outlet temperature

A

helium-cooled system
outlet temp of 8500Β°C

41
Q

Which reactor is still in the developmental stages

A

high-temperature gas reactor - fast breeder

42
Q

What are the safety concerns of the high temperature gas reactor

A

It employs liquid sodium in the main cycle which present risks due to the flammability with air and explosiveness with water

Energy 201 (7 decks)

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