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Energy 201 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main objectives for well logging

A

To provide information for reservoir evaluation.
To gather data for well completion and repair.

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2
Q

Describe how well logging works

A

➢ A logging set-up consists of the wire, a wireline tool, a
winching gear and a vehicle which contains appropriate
data analysis and recording equipment.
➢ The actual running of a log involves lowering a tool at
the end of a logging cable into an oil/gas well. A
sensor, incorporated in a sonde together with its
associated electronics, is suspended in the hole (well)
by a multiconductor cable.
➢ Data is transmitted to the control panel at surface
through the wire and recorded digitally. All data
recording and processing is now done digitally using
powerful computers and processors.
➢ As the cable is raised or lowered, it activates some
depth-measuring device, which in turn activates a
recording device.
➢ Finally, some form of reproduction takes place to
provide a hard copy of the recorded data which is
called the well log.

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3
Q

The Sonde was the first well log tool. What did it measure

A

It measures electrical resistivity

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4
Q

List well logging applications

A

➢ Lithology identification.
➢ Determination of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity, saturation, and
permeability.
➢Identification the fluid type in the pore space of reservoir rock ( gas, oil,
water).
➢ Identification of productive zones and reserves.
➢ Determination the depth and thickness of productive zones.
➢ Reservoir properties mapping.
➢Determination formation dip and hole angle and size
➢Monitoring the reservoir parameters when production is in progress.

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5
Q

What is non-conductive boreholes

A

oil-based and air-based muds and
cased holes

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6
Q

What is Conductive boreholes

A

Water-based drilling mud

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7
Q

What are the types of well logging

A

Mud logging
Open hole logging
cased hole logging
production logging

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8
Q

Describe mud logging

A

During drilling mud is pumped down the drill string forcing the rock cuttings
up to the surface. These cuttings are analyzed by laboratory analysis working
in a transportable laboratory known as a mud logging unit installed at the well
site.

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9
Q

What an the samples from mud logging tell us about the well

A

✓ Rate of penetration (ROP)
✓ Determination of lithology
✓ Presence of hydrocarbons
✓ Preliminary indication of the well location (seismic data)
✓ Indication of pressure conditions
✓ Monitoring of bit performance
✓ Weight on bit
✓ Mud weight
✓ Estimated pore pressure

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10
Q

What are the types of well logging used for open hole logging

A

a. Wireline Logging (WL): Electrical logs, Sonic logs, Caliper logs,
Dipmeter logs and Radioactive logs
b. Logging while drilling (LWD)

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11
Q

Describe wireline logging

A

➢ The tools are introduced into the well on a cable, the
obtained data are transmitt to the surface recording system via
cable.
➢ Performed after interuption or termination of drilling in this
situation, drilling pipes and bit should be out and well be empty.

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12
Q

Describe logging while drilling

A

➢ The logging device is introduced on the drill pipe and
collected data are memorized in the tool, the data are
downloaded to the surface recording system after termination
or interuption of drilling.
➢ Very efficient in horizontal drilling.
➢Indications of reservoir rock and fluid quality while drilling.
➢ Some tools also are able to record drilling parameters such
as RPM and drilling speed.

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13
Q

What do electrical logs measure

A

electrical properties of the
formation rock and fluid.

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14
Q

What do caliper logs measure

A

Measure the geometry of the wellbore.

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15
Q

What do dipmeter logs measure

A

Measure the dip of the formation.

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16
Q

Wat do sonic logs measure

A

Measure the elastic or wave properties of the formation

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17
Q

What do radioactive logs measure

A

Gamma ray measures the radioactive absorption properties

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18
Q

Fill in the blanks
Cased hole and production logging:
This type is used ______ well completion.
A concrete lining or casing has be inserted to ________ the wellbore.
The portion of the well bore that has had metal casing placed and
cemented to protect the open hole from _______, _______, well bore
_________ problems or a combination of these

A

after

stabilize

fluids, pressures, well bore stability

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19
Q

What are the two most important cased hole logs

A

cement bound logging (CBL) and variable density logs (VDL)

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20
Q

Fill in the blanks:
Drilling a hole in the formation will cause a disturbance in the vicinity of
bore hole by the invasion of drilling mud into the formation.
➢ Ideally the size of the borehole is ______ to the size of the drill bit.
➢ Shale swelling, salt dissolution and collapse of poorly cemented rocks
may ________ the borehole diameter.
➢ Mud cake build up may ________ the size of the borehole diameter.
➢ The change in the borehole diameter and the contamination caused by
the drilling mud will affect the ________ ______ and appropriate corrections
should be considered.

A

Equal

increase

decrease

logging tools

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21
Q

What are the characteristics that affect log quality

A

Depth of investigation
Logging speed
Vertical resolution
Investigation geometry

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22
Q

Describe how depth of investigation affects log quality

A

Depth of investigation: Depends on the porosity of formation. Different
logging tools, has different characteristics, however, most of them have
shallow depth of investigation which can mostly reach the flushed zone or
transition zone.

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23
Q

Describe how logging speed affects log quality

A

The running speed of the tools will cause statistical
fluctuations and sampling interval variations. These can affect the vertical
resolution.

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24
Q

Describe how vertical resolution affects log quality

A

This is related to the depth of investigation. The bed
thickness should be larger than the distance between the source and
detector of each logging tool. Generally, logging tools with large depth of
investigation have low vertical resolution.

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25
Describe how investigation geometry affects log quality
Different logging tools have different measurement geometries.
26
What does invasion represent
The difference between the fluid pressure and drilling mud pressure will cause a flow of the drilling fluid to the formation in the permeable zones of the borehole
27
What does mud cake represent
The formation rock acts as a filter and keeps the particulates of the mud at the borehole wall, this particle build up on the wall is called mud cake
28
What does mud filtrate represent
The remaining liquid part of the mud which enters the formation is called mud filtrate
29
What does the flushed zone represent
Mud filtrate will replace the reservoir fluid and enters the formation, this zone where the reservoir fluid is replaced is called flushed zone
30
What does the transition zone represent
The zone next to the flushed zone further into the formation where the mud invasion is incomplete is called transition zone.
31
What does the uninvaded zone represent
The untouched portion of the formation by the mud is called uninvaded zone
32
Fill in the blanks: High permeability formations results in _______(shallow or deep) invasion and ______(thin or thick) layer of mud cake.
deep thick
33
Fill in the blanks: High porosity formations results in _______(more or less) storage of mud filtrate per invasion distance and the ________(smaller or larger) depth of invasion.
more smaller
34
Wireline companies provide correction graphs for their logging tools to consider the effect of __________ on well logging readings.
invasion
35
What does the log display and structure include
1. Logging company and log name. 2. Well identification and location information. 3. Other log and services run in the well. 4. Depth and elevation details. 5. The log run number. 6. The depth of the bottom of the hole. 7. The depth of the top and bottom of the logged interval. 8. Casing information 9. Bit information. 10. Drilling mud information 11. Mud, mud filtrate and mud cake resistivities. 12. Time between end of logging circulation before logging and when logging tool reached the bottom of the hole. 13. Temperature. 14. The logging truck information. 15. The logging company representatives information
36
What does the bubble point curve represent?
Represents the conditions of temperature and pressure at which the first bubble occurs when u drop the pressure or increase the temperature. The bubble-point curve (line BC) is defined as the line separating the liquid-phase region from the two-phase region.
37
What does the dew-point curve represent
Represents the conditions of pressure and temperature at which the first droplet of liquid forms when a gas is cooled and/or the pressure is increased. The dew-point curve (line AC) is defined as the line separating the vapor-phase region from the two-phase region.
38
What is the Circondentherm (Tct)
—The Cricondentherm is defined as the maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of pressure. The corresponding pressure is termed the Cricondentherm pressure pct.
39
What is the Circondenbar (Pcb)
The Cricondenbar is the maximum pressure above which no gas can be formed regardless of temperature. The corresponding temperature is called the Cricondenbar temperature Tcb.
40
What does the critical point represent on a P-T diagram
The critical point for a multicomponent mixture is referred to as the state of pressure and temperature at which all intensive properties of the gas and liquid phases are equal (point C). For the two-phase system at this point both phases coexist. At the critical point, the corresponding pressure and temperature are called the critical pressure pc and critical temperature Tc of the mixture.
41
Describe an undersaturated oil reservoir
In these reservoirs the initial reservoir pressure is greater than the bubble point pressure of the reservoir fluid (pi> pb). No free gas exists until the reservoir pressure falls below the bubble point pressure. This includes when PR < Pb(gas section and oil section - gas cap reservoir) and also when PR > Pb (No gas section, all is dissolved in the oil).
42
Describe a saturated oil reservoir
In these reservoirs the initial reservoir pressure is equal to the bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid (pi= pb). At this point the gas begins to separate from the oil (PR = Pb) and form a gas cap.
43
What are the types of crude oils
Ordinary black oil Low-shrinkage black oil Volatile crude oil Near critical crude oil
44
What is the gas-oil ratio, oil gravity, and colour for ordinary black oil
200-700 scf/STB 15-40 API Brown to dark green
45
What is the oil formation volume factor, gas-oil ratio, oil gravity, and colour for low-shrinkage black oil
less than 1.2 bbl/STB less than 200 scf/STB less than 35 API black or deeply coloured
46
What is the oil formation volume factor, gas-oil ratio, oil gravity, and colour for volatile crude oil
less than 2 bbl/STB 2000 - 3200 scf/STB 45-55 API greenish to orange
47
What is the oil formation volume factor, gas-oil ratio, and how much heptane's and ethane's for near critical crude oil
higher than 2 bbl/STB excess of 3000 scf/STB 12.5 to 20 mol% heptanes-plus, 35% or more of ethane through hexanes, and the remainder methane.
48
What do we classify the reservoir if it is above critical point
This is a natural gas reservoir
49
What are the types of natural gas reservoirs
Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir Near critical gas-condensate reservoir Wet-gas reservoir Dry-gas reservoir
50
What is the gas oil ratio, condensate gravity and colour of a retrograde gas-condensate reservoir
* Gas-oil ratios between 8,000 to 70,000 scf/STB. * Condensate gravity above 50°API * Stock-tank liquid is usually water-white or slightly colored.
51
What is the gas oil ratio, condensate gravity and colour of a near critical gas-condensate reservoir
* Gas-oil ratios between 8,000 to 70,000 scf/STB. * Condensate gravity above 50°API * Stock-tank liquid is usually water-white or slightly colored.
52
What is the gas oil ratio, condensate gravity and colour of a wet-gas reservoir
* Gas oil ratios between 60,000 to 100,000 scf/STB * Stock-tank oil gravity above 60°API * Liquid is water-white in color
53
What is the gas oil ratio of a dry-gas reservoir
greater than 100,000scf/STB
54
As we go from a liquid to a gas in a reservoir, the gas-oil ratio increases or decreases?
increases
55
As we go from a liquid to a gas in a reservoir, the stock tank oil gravity (API) increases or decreases?
increases
56
As we go from a liquid to a gas in a reservoir, the colour becomes lighter or darker?
lighter
57
For a retrograde gas-condensate reservoir, where does the T lie?
the reservoir temperature T lies between the critical temperature Tc and cricondentherm Tct of the reservoir fluid.
58
For a near critical gas-condensate reservoir, where does the T lie?
the reservoir temperature T is close to the critical temperature of the reservoir fluid
59
For a wat-gas reservoir, where does the T lie?
the reservoir temperature T is above the cricondentherm of the reservoir fluid. They contain significant heavy hydrocarbons such as propane, butane and others
60
Does the hydrocarbon mixture from a dry-gas reservoir stay as a gas in both the reservoir and surface
yup
61
What are the natural drive mechanisms
Rock and liquid expansion drive Depletion drive Gas cap drive Water-drive mechanism Gravity-drainage-drive mechanism Combination-drive mechanism
62
Describe rock and liquid expansion drive
The pressure in the reservoir is reduced, which causes the expansion of the individual rock grains as well as formation compaction. This reduces the fluid pressure and the porosity. This mechanism is an unfavorable energy source for oil reservoirs.
63
Describe the depletion drive
Source of energy is from the release of gas from the crude oil and expansion of the gas as the reservoir pressure is reduced. The expansion of the gas will force the oil from pore spaces to the wellbore.
64
Describe the gas cap drive
sources of energy are the expansion of the gas-cap and the expansion of the solution gas as it is liberated. These reservoirs typically have low water content.
65
Which of the following increase the oil recovery for a gas cap drive. : Size of the original gas cap, Vertical permeability, Oil viscosity, Degree of conservation of the gas, Oil production rate, and Dip angle .
Size of the original gas cap, Vertical permeability, Degree of conservation of the gas, and Dip angle .
66
Describe the water-drive mechanism
source of energy is from the expansion of water. The gas cap is small, but provides expansion energy
67
Describe the gravity drainage system
The source of energy is from the differences in densities. his causes gravity drainage.
68
Which of the following factors increase recovery from gravity drainage reservoirs: Permeability in the direction of dip, Dip of the reservoir, Reservoir producing rates, Oil viscosity
Permeability in the direction of the dip and dip of the reservoir
69
Describe combination drive mechanisms
reservoirs which have more than one energy drive. They can be more complicated for estimation purposes
70
What is the inflow performance relationship (IPR)
it is the relationship between the flow rate of the well q and the flowing pressure of the well pwf.
71
When is the IPR a straight line
When is it in a single phase flow
72
When is the IPR not a straight line
when it is at a pressure below the bubble point
73
Outflow performance relates to estimating the pressure rate relationship in the __________ as the reservoir fluids move to the _________ from bottomhole through tubulars
wellbore surface
74
As much as ___% of the total pressure loss in a flowing well may occur during the fluid lifting to the surface.
80%
75
How would we find the well deliverability
Combining the IPR and TPR curves and finding the intersection of these curves will yield the deliverability point.
76
the IPR represents what the _________ can deliver, and the TPR represents what the ________ can deliver
reservoir well
77
Describe an artificial lift.
a method to boost the production rate from producing wells. This can be used when pressure or flow rate is low. Pumps are installed to provide lift pressure or gas injection to decrease hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore.
78
What are the major types of artificial lifts
beam pumping Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) Hydraulic pumping Gas lift
79
What are the two types of artificial lift pumps
Positive displacement pumps Dynamic displacement pump
80
Describe the positive displacement pump
These pumps move fluid from a suction chamber to a discharge chamber. The examples of such pumps are reciprocating rod pumps, hydraulic piston pumps and progressive cavity pumps (PCPs).
81
Describe the dynamic displacement pump
These pumps will force the fluid to move from inlet to outlet under its own momentum. The examples of these pumps are electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) and hydraulic jet pumps.
82
Describe Beam pumping
designed to be inserted inside the tubing. The pump is connected to the surface facilities by a string of sucker rods.
83
What are advantages of beam pumping
✓Low repair and maintenance costs ✓Can be adjusted to different production rates by changing the speed and length of strokes ✓The salvage value is high for downhole pump and surface beam unit
84
What are the disadvantages of beam pumping
✓Limited to low production rates (less than 1000 STBD) ✓Applicable only to onshore wells ✓Limited application for deep, inclined and horizontal wells
85
describe a progressive cavity pump.
Fluid is transferred as the rotor turns, and the cavities between the rotor and stator move upward
86
Fill in the blanks for a progressive cavity pump description: They are versatile, generally very efficient, and excellent for handling fluids with high ________ content. They are not good choices for _______ wells due to torsional stress and temperature limits.
solids deep
87
Describe a hydraulic pump
Hydraulic pump systems use a power fluid (usually light oil or water) that is injected from the surface to operate a downhole pump.
88
What are the types of hydraulic pumps
reciprocating hydraulic pump and jet pump
89
fill in the blanks: The main advantage of _________ _______ is that multiple wells can be produced using a single surface power fluid installation
Hydraulic pumps
90
What are the advantages of a hydraulic pump
✓Can be used at depths from 1000 to 17,000 feet. ✓Capable of producing at rates from 100 to 10,000 B/D. ✓Can be hydraulically circulated in and out of the well, thus eliminating the need for wireline or rig operations to replace pumps and making this system adaptable to changing field conditions. ✓Suitable for heavy, viscous fluids.
91
What are the disadvantages of a hydraulic pump
✓Potential fire hazards if oil is used as a power fluid. ✓Limited in producing fluids with high solids content, and high GOR.
92
describe how a electric submersible pump works
An electric submersible pumping (ESP) system includes a downhole centrifugal pump driven by a submersible electric motor, which is connected to a power source at the surface.
93
What are the advantages of ESP
✓Ability to handle high rate: 100 to 60,000 B/D, including high water-cut fluids. ✓High-temperature tolerance (above 350°F) using high-temperature motors and cables. ✓If placed in straight or vertical sections of the well, ESPs can be used in high-angle and horizontal wells. ✓Ability to lift corrosive fluids and sand by modification. ✓The most efficient lift method on a cost-per-barrel basis. ✓Low maintenance. ✓Minimal surface facilities requirement
94
What are the disadvantages of the ESP
✓Limitations in well with high GOR. In wells producing high GOR fluids, a downhole gas separator must be installed. ✓Limited production ranges determined by the number and type of pump stages; changing production rates requires either a pump change or installation of a variable speed surface drive. ✓The tubing must be pulled for pump repairs or replacement. ✓Poor ability to pump sand
95
Describe how a gas lift works
Gas lift involves injecting high-pressure gas from the surface into the producing fluid column through one or more subsurface valves set at predetermined depths (determined by gas lift valves design procedures).
96
What are the two types of gas lifts
Continuous gas lift Intermittent gas lift
97
What are the advantages of the gas lift
✓Gas lift can be used in deviated or crooked wellbores, ✓Suitable for high-temperature environments and high-GOR wells. ✓Economically viable for modification (replacing with a new design) in case wireline retrievable gas lift valves are used.
98
What are the disadvantages of the gas lift
✓The availability of gas and the costs for compression and injection. ✓Lift efficiency can be reduced by corrosion and paraffin. ✓Not suitable for fully depleting low-pressure, low-productivity wells. ✓Causing downhole pressure surges during intermittent gas which may lead to excessive sand production.
99
What are the factors affecting the artificial lift selection concerning reservoir characteristics
1.IPR 2.Liquid production rate 3.Water cut 4.Gas-liquid ratio, viscosity 5.Oil formation volume factor 6.reservoir drive mechanism
100
What are the factors affecting the artificial lift selection concerning wellbore characteristics
1.Well depth 2.Completion type 3.Casing and tubing sizes 4.Wellbore deviation
101
What are the factors affecting the artificial lift lift selection concerning surface conditions
1.Flow rates 2.Fluid contaminants 3.Power sources 4.Field location
102
What are the factors affecting the artificial lift selection concerning field operation characteristics
1. Long-range recovery plans 2. Pressure maintenance operations 3. Enhanced oil recovery projects 4. Field automation 5. Availability of crew and support services
103
What is IOR
Improved oil recovery
104
What is the definition of IOR
defined as any process, or combination of processes, that may be applied to economically increase the oil production
105
Does IOR include natural drive mechanisms of the reservoir
nope
106
What are types of IOR
waterflooding, artificial lift, gas injection, horizontal drilling, multilateral drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
107
As the production increases the differential pressure ________
decreases
108
Are artificial lifts considered primary recovery?
Yes
109
During primary recovery, how much OOIP is produced
around 10% OOIP = original oil in place
110
What type of methods is used during secondary recovery
injecting water to the production zone or gas into the gas cap
111
After implementing primary and secondary how much percent of OOIP is recovered
15% - 40%
112
Which methods are used during tertiary recovery?
thermal, chemical, and gas injection, and EOR
113
What are the three major types of EOR methods
chemical EOR, thermal EOR, and Miscible displacement
114
After implementing EOR how much percent of OOIP can be recovered
30% tp 60%
115
Describe how EOR gas injection/miscible flooding works
miscible gases will be injected into the reservoir. This will improve the pressure maintenance and also the oil displacement (by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water)
116
Which is the most common type of EOR method
Gas injection/ miscible flooding
117
What gases are used for gas injection and which of them is most commonly used
CO2, hydrocarbons (such as propane or methane), and nitrogen. However, the most common one is CO2 as it is the cheapest one while it has good viscosity reduction capabilities.
118
Describe how chemical flooding works
use chemical solutions such as micellar, alkaline, or soap-like substances to reduce the oil/water surface tension. Polymers such as polyacrylamide or polysaccharide may also be used to increase the sweep efficiency.
119
What is sweep efficiency
is a measure of the effectiveness of an EOR method that depends on the volume of the reservoir contacted by the injected fluid.
120
What are the four sequences for a chemical flooding injection process
(1) Preflush (low-salinity water), (2) Chemical solution (micellar or alkaline), (3) Mobility buffer (water thickened with polymer) (4) Driving fluid (water), which displaces the chemicals and the resulting oil bank toward production wells.
121
Fill in the blanks: Non-thermal methods aim to ________ the viscosity of oil (miscible and immiscible gas injection), ________ the viscosity of the displacing fluid (polymer flooding), or _________ the interfacial tension (chemical flooding).
reduce increase reduce
122
Fill in the blanks: Non-thermal recovery techniques most suitable for: (1) Viscosity of crude: ___-___ cP, (2) Formation thickness: less than ___ ft, (3) Formation depth: greater than _____ ft, (4) Permeability: less than ___ md,
50-200 30 3000 1
123
Are thermal methods most commonly used for light or heavy oils?
Heavy crude oils
124
What are types of thermal methods
➢In-situ combustion flooding) ➢Cyclic steam stimulation ➢Steam flooding ➢Hot waterflooding ➢Electro-thermal heating ➢Hybrid processes
125
What factors have drawn companies to heavy oil production
Improved profitability, technological advances, huge reserve size, low geological risk and low capital investment
126
Fill in the blanks: 90% of global heavy oil reserves are in ________ and _________, and the heavy oil and bitumen reserves are estimated to be _____ times more than conventional crude oil reserves.
Canada and Venezuela five
127
In the world there is an estimated ______ trillion barrels of conventional crude oil
1.02
128
In the world there is an estimated ______ trillion barrels of heavy oil and Bitumen
5.6
129
Which of the following is most commonly used Thermal, chemical, HC gas, CO2
Thermal
130
What is the average porosity for heavy oil reserves
high porosity of 30%
131
What is the average oil saturation for heavy oil reserves
50-80%
132
What is the average formation thickness for heavy oil reserves
50ft to several hundred feet
133
What is the average depth for heavy oil reserves
shallow depth less than 3000ft
134
What is the average permeability for heavy oil reserves
High permeability of 1 to several darcies
135
What are the two main mechanisms in steam flooding
1. Decreasing the viscosity of heavy oil by applying heat 2. Physical displacement similar to waterflooding
136
Which EOR method is the least expensive
Hot-water flooding
137
Which method has a better performance dealing with clay swelling problems. efficient in maintaining reservoir pressures and provides higher injection compared to steam
Hot-water flooding
138
what is in-situ combustion
fire flooding
139
in-situ combustion aims to recover more from shallow or deep crudes? and less or more viscous crudes?
deep reservoirs more viscous
140
Does in-situ combustion burn the crude oil?
yes, about 10% of the least desirable portion of the oil
141
Fill in the blanks: In-situ combustion _______ the viscosity, partially _________ the oil in place, and drives it forward by a combination of steam, hot water, and ______ drive. The burning front which is called combustion zone would move in the formation and displace the remaining fluid in place into the _________ wells.
reduces vaporizes gas producing
142
What does CSS stand for
cyclic steam stimulation
143
Describe CSS
Steam is injected at 300 to 400 ºC into a well at a high rate and high pressure for a certain amount of time Huff and Puff
144
How much percent does the CSS process recover OOIP
20%
145
What are the 3 steps of huff and puff / CSS
steam injection soaking period oil production
146
What does SAGD stand for
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
147
Describe how SAGD works
employing a pair of horizontal wells and conducting steam stimulation. The horizontal well are drilled 4 to 6 meters above each other and the steam is injected from the above well and the heated heavy oil is drained and produced from the lower well. The steam is injected through the horizontal injection and the steam chamber expands upwards from the injection well. The heated oil drains down the steam chamber via gravity.
148
What does VAPEX stand for
vapour assisted petroleum extraction process
149
How does VAPEX work
the solvent analog of the steam-assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD), which reduces oil viscosity by diluting the in-situ heavy oil or bitumen with the help of injected vapourized solvents.

Energy 201 (12 decks)

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