Chapter 1

Question 1

List the 8 steps in a hydrocarbon reservoir life cycle

Answer 1

Exploration, discovery, delineation, development, primary production, secondary production, tertiary production, and abandonment

Question 2

Explain the steps of the hydrocarbon life cycle

Answer 2

Exploration - land is evaluated to determine its potential

Discovery – is it worth investing into

Delineation - it is worth investing in

Development – they make estimates of where to create wells, as they drill they update their predictions – uncertainties – take samples – rough approximations that are updated

Primary production – prodcution is done by natural energy of the resevoir of itself - depends on pressure and how deep you have to drill – sk does not have

Sedondary production – water flood – putting water in one well to force oil out of a nearby well. - for when oil does not come out easily and they are only breaking even. - injecting and producing well

Tertiary Production – only water in coming out of the second well so you use another technique. Add polymer to water to make it thicker and push the oil more efficiently. Or add heat to make oil thinner

abandonment - It is no longer worth extracting the oil

Question 3

what professions play a part in oil production

Answer 3

Gas and chemical engineering

Research and development

Service

Environment

Legal

Land

Management

Grology and geophysics

Resevois engineering

Econmics

Drilling engineering

Production and operation engineering

Question 4

What two elements comprise the majority of petroleum

Answer 4

Hydrogen – 13%, carbon – 85%

Question 5

Petroleum is formed by the remains of

Answer 5

small organic material such as zooplankton and algae

Question 6

What are the two steps that petroleum forms

Answer 6

Diagenesis, catagenesis

Question 7

Describe diagenesis

Answer 7

process of compaction in low pressure and temperature conditions. Includes chemical, physical, and biological changes in sediment after the initial formation.

Question 8

Describe catagenesis

Answer 8

thermal dehydration of kerogen due to increase in deeper burials. Catagenesis/cracking will turn the kerogen to hydrocarbon chains.
Higher temp and pressure leas to more complete cracking of the kerogen and more lighter and samller hydrocarbons.

Question 9

What are the 3 main types of rocks

Answer 9

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Question 10

Describe igneous rocks

Answer 10

how quickly the magma cools determines the grain size of the rock

The slower the cooling process, the larger grain size in the ingenious rock

Question 11

Intrusive vs extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 11

Intrusive

Crystallize below Earth’s surface and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form

Extrusive

Erupt onto the surface where they cool quickly to form small crystals

Question 12

Describe sedimentary rocks

Answer 12

Formed by deposition of materials at the crust of earth. The source materials are resulted from erosion and weathering and they are transported to the deposition point by water, wind, ice and glacier.

Question 13

What are the three main types of sedimentary rocks

Answer 13

clast, chemical, organic

Question 14

What is clast sedimentary rocks

Answer 14

Accumulations of clast(small pieces of broken up rock which have piled up and been lithified by compaction and cementation

Shale, siltstone, conglomerate, sandstone

Question 15

What is chemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 15

Form when standing water evaporates, leaving dissolved mineral behind

Common in arid lands, where seasonal playa lakes occur in closed depressions

Thick deposits of salt and gypsum can form due to repeated flooding and evaporation over long period of time

Rock salt, chert

Question 16

What is organic sedimentary rocks

Answer 16

Any accumulation of sedimentary debris caused by organic processes

Bit of calcium (from animals, teeth, shells) can collect on the sea floor to form organic sedimentary rock

Dolomite, limestone

Question 17

Describe metamorphic rocks

Answer 17

If there is a change in environmental conditions of the rock which result in instability of the rock minerals.

One of the major changes in environmental conditions come from the rise in pressure and temperature as a result of burial.

arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock

Question 18

What are the two main types of metamorphic rocks?

Answer 18

Foliated and non-foliated

Question 19

Describe foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks

Answer 19

Foliated metamorphic rocks: apperance is layered or banded which is by exposure to heat and directed pressure.

Slate and gneiss

Non foliated metamorphic rocks: apperance is not layered or banded

Marble and quatizite

Question 20

What are 3 factors affecting the occurrence of petroleum

Answer 20

Source rock
Reservoir rock
Traps

Question 21

Describe source rock

Answer 21

petroleum is generate using this rock. Consist mainly of sedimentary rocks. Contains water and oil, they went into the rock at the same time.

Source bed is where the oil was formed

The temperature and pressure in the source rock will affect the insoluble organic materials (kerogen) to form the petroleum.

Question 21

Describe reservoir rock

Answer 21

porous and permeable rock that contain hydrocarbon

Mainly consist of sedimentary rocks (sandstones and carbonates, they are connected to mature source beds)

On a much smaller scale, fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks have also been found to produce hydrocarbons.

Question 22

Describe Traps

Answer 22

natural traps that hold oil, so when you make a well that oil is released

Traps are arrangement of rock layers which prevent the hydrocarbons to rise to the surface, resulting in a accumulation of hydrocarbons

Traps are consisted of an impermeable layer of rock on top of a porous media which contains hydrocarbons

Question 22

Describe a structural trap

Answer 22

Formed by rock layers which are folded or faulted. Structural traps account for the majority of petroleum resources, and they include anticlinal trap, fault trap and salt dome trap.

Question 22

What are the 4 types of traps that petroleum can be found in?

Answer 22

Structural traps
Stratigraphic traps
Hydrodynamic traps
Combination traps

Question 23

Two types of igneous rocks

Answer 23

Basalt and granite

Question 24

Two types of sedimentary rock

Answer 24

Clastic: sandstone, shale
Organic: carbonates - Limestones and dolomite
Chemical: Chert, rock salt

Question 25

Two types of metamorphic rock

Answer 25

marble(non-foliated), gneiss(foliated)

Question 26

who are the people involved in the synergy and team

Answer 26

Management, land, legal, drilling engineers, reservoir engineers, environment, geophysics, service, research and development, gas and chemical engineering, economics, production and operations engineering