Nuclear and Mitochondrial Processes

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

2 polynucleotides forming a double helix. Polynucleotides contain nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, sugar and base (ATCG or AUCG for RNA). This makes the genetic code

Question 2

Codons

Answer 2

The way in which the genetic code is read (in threes). Codons code for amino acids or stop codons.

Question 3

The Cell Cycle

Answer 3

Regulation of cell division. Initiated by growth factors (protooncogenes), stopped by checkpoint inhibitors (Tumour suppressor genes). Mutations in these allow mutations to accumulate and pass on to daughter cells.

Question 4

Cell Cycle S Phase

Answer 4

DNA replication. Synthesis of a complete copy of cells DNA. New double helix will contain one old strand and one new strand. (DNA Unzipping)

Question 5

Cell Cycle M Phase

Answer 5

Mitosis. Division of cell. Prophase = chromosomes become visible, Metaphase = chromosomes line up, Anaphase = chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle, Telophase = nuclear membrane forms.

Question 6

Gene Expression

Answer 6

Transcription of genes using RNA Polymerase. If RNA cannot bind to DNA gene will be silenced.

Question 7

Pre mRNA Splicing

Answer 7

Removal of introns (non-coding regions) to create mature mRNA.

Question 8

Translation

Answer 8

Production of polypeptides using ribosomes to form proteins by reading spliced mRNA.

Question 9

Energy Metabolisim

Answer 9

ATP production by release of compounds potential energy (OILRIG). A series of processes which work together.

Question 10

Glycolysis

Answer 10

Breaking down of glucose in the cell cytoplasm to form ATP.

Question 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 11

Recycling of pyruvate In the presence of oxygen. pyruvate produced from glycolysis is further oxidised into carbon dioxide in the mitochondria to produce more ATP.

Question 12

OXSPHOS

Answer 12

Oxidative phosphorylation. NADH produced from glycolysis and citric acid cycle recycled (re-oxidised) in the mitochondria’s MET to go through glycolysis and citric acid cycle again for more ATP. Typically produces most of a cells ATP.

Question 13

Mitochondria MET

Answer 13

Series of respiratory complexes located in mitochondria cristae which transport high energy electrons from NADH to oxygen, which is then reduced to water.

Question 14

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 14

Recycling pyruvate in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvate produced from glycolysis by forming lactate.