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Environmental Science 3400 > Nuckols et al. 2011 > Flashcards

Nuckols et al. 2011 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three disciplines using GIS in exposure assessment

A
  1. Geospatial science
  2. Environmental science
  3. Epidemiology
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2
Q

Geospatial science

A

Systematic study of geographic variables relating to, occupying, or having the character of space

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3
Q

Raster model

A

Grid cells serve as basic units of analysis

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4
Q

Vector model

A

Uses points, lines, or polygons based on continuous geometry of space to represent data

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5
Q

Triangulated irregular network model

A

Representing elevation data often used for terrain analysis

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6
Q

Cartigraphic scale

A

Traditional map scale ratio

Relates the size of feature in life to size on map

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7
Q

Geographic extent

A

Size of study area

Different results based on study area (rate of caner in county vs. province)

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8
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Grain or smallest unit distinguishable
Map data at different scales will allow for resolution of different objects
Resolution is chosen based on whats needed

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9
Q

Operational scale

A

Scale at which process of interest occurs

Can be resolution dependent (detected at one scale but not another)

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10
Q

Accuracy

A

How well GIS data represents reality in terms of positional, attribute and temporal accuracy

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11
Q

Positional accuracy

A

Agreement between data representation in GIS and actual location of data on ground (ground truth)

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12
Q

Attribute accuracy

A

Measure of how well information linked to the data representation format is correct

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13
Q

Temporal accuracy

A

Appropriateness of using particular snapshot or snapshots of time for GIS analysis or modelling effort

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14
Q

Errors in GIS

A

Source errors: accuracy of data (differences between data and reality)
Processing errors: introduced into database resulting from GIS-based analysis and modelling

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15
Q

Environmental science

A

Systematic study of the complex physical, chemical and biotic factors that act upon an organism or ecologic community and ultimately determine its form and survival

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16
Q

Stochastic simulation data

A

To supplement measurement data

Based on statistical probability

17
Q

Deterministic simulation data

A

To supplement measurement data

Based on physical processes

18
Q

Geophysical plausibility

A

Application of environmental science to exposure assessment for epidemiology
Association between contaminant source and exposure cannot exist unless there is a plausible geophysical route of transport between source and receptor

19
Q

Berkson errors

A

Errors in classifying exposure

Exposure metric is at population level and individual exposures vary because of different activity patterns

20
Q

Classical error model

A

Errors in classifying exposure

Exposure metric used in study is measured with error and is imperfect surrogate for true exposure

21
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability of exposure metric to correctly classify as exposed those who are truly exposed

22
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of exposure metric to correctly classify as unexposed those who are unexposed

23
Q

Source identification

A

Function of the occurrence of the target agent in a specified environmental medium
Allows assessment of likelihood of exposure across study population and route of exposure data needed to calculate personal exposure

24
Q

MODFLOW

A

Simulation model which accurately reflected hydraulic characteristics of ground water regime in area

25
Q

Exposure

A

Contact of physical, chemical or biological agent with outer boundary of organism
Function of concentration and time

26
Q

Environmental concentration

A

Agents presence in a particular carrier medium, expressed in quantitative terms

27
Q

Exposure concentration

A

Agents presence in its carrier medium at point of contact

28
Q

Dose

A

Amount of pollutant that actually enters human body

29
Q

GPS

A

Satellite-based technology composed of a system of satellites encircling earth and emitting radio frequency detectable by receivers

30
Q

Environmental epidemiology

A

Areas of epidemiology concerned with the study of associations between environmental exposures and health outcomes

31
Q

Steps in exposure assessment process (4)

A

1) Define study population
2) Identify source and potential routes of exposure
3) Estimating environmental levels of target contaminants
4) Estimating personal exposures

32
Q

Validation

A

Validate with environmental measures and transport modelling

Environmental Science 3400 (19 decks)

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