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Biology Griffiths Y12 > Nuceloides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nuceloides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

many nuleotides

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2
Q

what is a single nucleotide formed from

A

pentose monosaccharide
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

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3
Q

how are nucleotides joined

A

condensation reactions form a polynucleotide

phosphate group on carbon 5 of pentose, covalently bonds with hydroxyl group on third carbon

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4
Q

bonds in in poly nuelotides

A

phosphodiester

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5
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

smaller bases
single carbon ring
thymine and cytosine

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7
Q

what are purines

A

larger bases
double carbon ring
adenine and guanine

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8
Q

what is the double helix

A

two strands of polynucleotides
held by hydrogen bonds
antiparallel

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9
Q

base pairing rules

A

Complementary base pairing
Adenine and thymine-2 hydrogen bonds
Cytosine and guanine-3 hydrogen bonds
pyrimidine binds to purine

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10
Q

How is RNA different from DNA

A

ribose

thymine replaced by uracil

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11
Q

why do cells require energy

A

synthesis
transport
movement

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12
Q

what is adenine triphosphate made of

A 
nitrogenous base (adenine)
pentose sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate groups
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13
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

reattaching the phosphate group (condensation)

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14
Q

properties of ATP

A 
small
water soluble
easily regenerated 
hydrolysis- releasing energy 
condensation- storing energy
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15
Q

how is the structure of DNA suited to is role

A

base sequence code, allowing DNA to be copied and transcribed
2 strands so is more compact

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16
Q

what is transcription

A

the copying of the genetic code from DNA onto mRNA- produces shorter RNA molecules

17
Q

what is translation

A

the assembly of a polypeptide from the genetic code on the mRNA

18
Q

what does the ribosome do during translation

A

act as the binding site for mRNA and tRNA

19
Q

how is DNA replicated

A

semi-conservative replication
DNA helicase separates strands
DNA helicase fully separates strands
free RNA nucleotides attract to their complementary bases

20
Q

what is the genetic code

A

DNA codes for a sequence of amino acids

21
Q

what is the code in the base sequence called

A

triplet code

22
Q

what is a sequence of 3 bases called

A

codon

23
Q

what 2 things is the genetic code

A

universal

degenerate

Biology Griffiths Y12 (10 decks)

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