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Biology Griffiths Y12 > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Bases in DNA

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine

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2
Q

Bases in RNA

A

Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Adenine

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3
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Smaller
1 carbon ring
C and T/U

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4
Q

What are purines

A

Larger
2 carbon ring
G and A

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5
Q

Describe a nucleic acid

A

A large polymer

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6
Q

Describe a nucleotide

A

A monomer

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7
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA-
Long double strand (helix)
Deoxyribose sugar
A, C, G & T

RNA-
Single short strand
Ribose sugar
A, C, G & U

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8
Q

Similarities of DNA and RNA

A

Pentose sugars
Polymers
Made of nucleotides (monomers)

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9
Q

What are the complementary base pairings?

A

A and T/U = 2 hydrogen bonds

C and G = 3 hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What bond is present in DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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11
Q

What carbon do the phosphate groups attach?

A

Number 5

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12
Q

Covalent bond

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons

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13
Q

What bond forms between glucose molecules

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What makes maltose

A

2 Glucose alpha

1,4

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15
Q

What makes lactose

A

Glucose beta and galactose

1,4

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16
Q

What makes sucrose

A

Glucose alpha and fructose

1,5

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17
Q

Another name for glucose molecules

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

Another name for maltose/sucrose etc. Molecules

A

Disaccharides

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19
Q

What makes cellulose

A

2x alpha beta

1,4

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20
Q

Properties of water

A 
Temp constant- coolant (hydrogen bonds) 
Transport medium 
Minerals soluble in water 
Transparent to light
Cohesion 
Polar
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21
Q

What makes up amylose

A

Alpha glucose
(1,4)
(Helical)

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22
Q

What makes up amylopectin

A

Alpha glucose
(1,4) and (1,6)
(Branched)

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23
Q

What makes up glycogen

A

Alpha glucose
(1,4) and (1,6) every 25
(Branched and helical)

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24
Q

Another name for glycogen/amylose/amylopectin/cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

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25
Q

Bond in lipids?

A

Ester bond

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26
Q

What is a triglyceride molecule made up of?

A

A glycerol molecule

3 fatty acids

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27
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of

A

Phosphate Group
Glycerol
Fatty acids

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28
Q

What is the reaction forming lipids called

A

Esterification

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29
Q

Test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

Add ethanol- white emulsion forms

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30
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers made of monosaccharides

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31
Q

Joining together of lots of glucose molecules creates what?

A

A store of energy

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32
Q

What are characteristics of glycogen

A

1-4 and 1-6 carbon bonds
Chain formation with branches
Less tendency to coil
Easier to remove monomer units as has more ends

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33
Q

Why are polysaccharides good energy stores?

A

Compact

Less soluble than monosaccharides

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34
Q

Why is it important that polysaccharides are less soluble in water

A

If they dissolved it would disrupt the cells water potential

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35
Q

Why are polysaccharides less soluble

A

Because of their size (larger)

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36
Q

Through what reaction are glycosidic bonds formed

A

Condensation

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37
Q

When bonded together what form does cellulose take

A

Straight chain

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38
Q

What prevents spiralling in cellulose

A

The alternate invention of the beta glucose molecules

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39
Q

What bonds prevent spiralling

A

Hydrogen bonds between rotated beta glucose molecules

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40
Q

What are micro fibrils made up of

A

Beta glucose molecules

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41
Q

What are macro fibrils made of

A

Microfibrils

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42
Q

Why is cellulose hard to digest

A

The glycosidic bonds are hard to break

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43
Q

Define lipids

A

A group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water

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44
Q

Define macromolecule

A

Large biological molecule

45
Q

Define phospholipid

A

A molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

46
Q

Characteristics of a lipid

A

Contain large amount of carbon and hydrogen and a small amount of oxygen
Insoluble in water
Soluble in alcohol

47
Q

what do fatty acids contain

A

A carboxyl group at one end

Hydrocarbon tail

48
Q

Why are fatty acids, acids?

A

The carboxyl group can ionise hydrogen therefore it is an acid and can produce free H+ ions

49
Q

What does the carbon bond in an unsaturated fatty acid inhibit

A

Hydrogen atoms can’t bond to the molecule

50
Q

What do double bonds do

A

Provide a kink making the molecule more fluid

51
Q

When does an ester bond appear

A

During the condensation reaction the water is given off creating a covalent bond between the glycerol and fatty acids

52
Q

Five functions of lipids

A 
Energy source 
Energy store 
Insulation 
Buoyancy 
Protection
53
Q

What is different in the structure of a phospholipid to a triglyceride?

A

One of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate group

54
Q

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophillic

A

Head

55
Q

Why are fatty acids hydrophobic

A

They are non polar

56
Q

What describes the properties of phospholipids in water

A

Amphiphatic

57
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer where are the heads and tails

A

Tails in heads out

58
Q

Cholesterol is what

A

A steroid alcohol or sterol

A type of lipid made without fattyacids or glycerol

59
Q

Where is cholesterol found

A

Within the phospholipid bilayer

60
Q

Define amino acids

A

Monomers of all proteins

61
Q

Define peptide bond

A

A covalent bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

62
Q

What are proteins

A

Large polymers consisting of long chains of amino acids

63
Q

Three functions of proteins

A

Form structural components
Tendency to adopt specific shapes and make into enzymes
Act as carriers in membrane

64
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

Amino group at one end
R group and an added hydrogen in the middle
Carboxyl group on the end

65
Q

What enzyme breaks down peptide bonds

A

Protease

66
Q

When two amino acids bond what is it called

A

Dipeptide

67
Q

When a long chain of amino acids join together what is it called

A

Polypeptide

68
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine

69
Q

What colour change happens if starch present

A

Blue/black

70
Q

What is used to test for reducing sugars

A

Benedicts reagent

71
Q

Colour change if reducing sugars present

A

Red

72
Q

Define a reducing sugar

A

Sugar which gives electrons to other molecules

73
Q

What test for non reducing sugars

A

Benedicts solution

74
Q

Colour change for non reducing sugars (low to high)

A 
Blue 
Green
Yellow
Orange 
Red
75
Q

Test for proteins

A

Biurent reagent

Light blue to lilac

76
Q

What are glycosidic bonds

A

Formed between monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction

77
Q

Characteristics of monosaccharides

A

Soluble in water

78
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain

79
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coiling or folding of an amino acids chain

80
Q

Main forms of secondary structure

A

Helix and beta pleated sheet

81
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3D shape of a protein molecule

82
Q

If a protein adopts a supercoiled shape what is this called

A

Fibrous protein

83
Q

If a protein adopts a spherical shape what is this called

A

Globular protein

84
Q

Where are disulphide links

A

Between the R groups

85
Q

What is a fibrous protein

A

Thin long structure

Insoluble in water

86
Q

What is a globular protein

A

Molecules with spherical shape

Soluble in water

87
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Non protein component

88
Q

Describe a fibrous protein

A

Regular repetitive sequences of amino acids

Insoluble in water

89
Q

What do fibrous proteins do

A

Form fibres which form a structural role

90
Q

Characteristics of amylose

A

Coils into spiral shape
Binds on carbons 1 and 4
Hydroxyl group on carbon 2 for hydrogen bonds

91
Q

Globular proteins tend to fold up into what shape

A

Sphere

92
Q

Two enzymes that carry out dna replication

A

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase

93
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of

A

Pentose monosaccharide
Phosphate Group
Base

94
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does A & T form

A

2

95
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can C & G/U make

A

3

96
Q

What is Adenosine triphosphate made up of

A

Base
Pentose sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate groups

97
Q

Releasing energy through ATP is what reaction

A

Hydrolysis

98
Q

Storing energy through ATP is what reaction

A

Condensation

99
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

differences- dna 2 long strands vs 1 short strand
Deoxyribose vs ribose
A,C, G and T vs A, C, G and U

100
Q

Define transcription

A

Copying of the genetic code from DNA into mRNA

101
Q

Define translation

A

Assembly of a polypeptide from the genetic code on the mRNA

102
Q

Where is the codon and anti codon

A

Codon on ribosome

Anticodon on tRNA

103
Q

What is the triplet code

A

Sequence of 3 based- the codon

104
Q

Sense strand

A

Runs from 5’ to 3’

105
Q

Antisense strand

A

Acts as template strand

Runs from 3’ to 5’

106
Q

In an amino acid which two groups combine to form a peptide link?

A

1 and 3

107
Q

What does ethanol do to a lipid

A

Dissolves it

108
Q

what is the formulae of a fatty acid

A

Cn H2n

Biology Griffiths Y12 (10 decks)

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