Module 4 Biodiversity

Question 1

What is Biodiversity

Answer 1

The variety of living organisms present in an area

Question 2

3 types of biodiversity

Answer 2

Habitat
Species
Genetic

Question 3

Habitat biodiversity

Answer 3

Number of different habitats in an area

Question 4

Species biodiversity

Answer 4

The number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

Question 5

Genetic biodiversity

Answer 5

The variation of alleles within a species

Question 6

Define the term species

Answer 6

A group of similar organisms which are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

Define the term habitat

Answer 7

The area inhabited by a species

Question 8

Why is sampling important in measuring the biodiversity of an area

Answer 8

Because a habitat may be too large and too great for actual counting so a sample is quick and gives representation of the whole habitat

Question 9

Why must a sample be random and how can you make a sample random

Answer 9

To stop bias in the results
Dividing the area into a grid and using random number generator to select the coordinates
Take samples at regular distances across the area

Question 10

Outline the stages in sampling an area

Answer 10

Choose an area to sample
Count number of species using suitable method
Repeat process taking as many samples as possible to get a better indication of the whole habitat

Question 11

How would you measure species richness?

Answer 11

Taking random samples of a habitat and counting the number of different species

Question 12

How would you measure species evenness

Answer 12

Take random samples of a habitat, and count the number of individuals of each different species

Question 13

What is species richness

Answer 13

The number of different species in an area

Question 14

What is species evenness

Answer 14

The measure of the abundance of each species in an area

the more similar the population size of each species the greater the species evenness

Question 15

Why is using Simpsons index of biodiversity better than just using the species evenness and richness?

Answer 15

This is because the simpsons index of biodiversity takes into account both species richness and evenness so gives a more accurate representation of the biodiversity of a habitat

Question 16

What do Simpson’s values represent

Answer 16

Simpson’s index values show how diverse a habitat is if the value is closer to 1 the more diverse the habitat

Question 17

What is global biodiversity

Answer 17

The total number of species on the earth

Question 18

What does the global biodiversity include?

Answer 18

Banned species- figure isn’t exact as there is no central database and different scientists disagree on methods of classification
Unnamed species- Scientists believe that many species have not been discovered and some have yet to be named

Question 19

Why do different scientists have different ideas of global biodiversity?

Answer 19

Different scientists use different measuring techniques
Little is known about some organisms
Biodiversity varies in different parts of the world

Question 20

aims of sustainability

Answer 20

preserve environment

ensure resources available for future

Question 21

how to make fishing sustainable

Answer 21

quotas
eu fisheries policy
limit catches

Question 22

how is masai mara sustained

Answer 22

grazing limited
rangers to look after animals
tourism made sure to not exploit natural environment

Question 23

how is Antarctica sustained

Answer 23

protection of the continent

conservation of plants and animals

Question 24

how is the lake district sustained

Answer 24

replanting native trees

Question 25

how are peat bogs conserved

Answer 25

building ditches removing tree seedlings controlled grazing

Question 26

how is Snowdonia conserved

Answer 26

conserve natural beauty

Question 27

how is the Galapagos island conserved

Answer 27

park rangers | limiting human access

Question 28

how are animals classified

Answer 28

``` Kingdom- largest group Phylum- common body plan Class-major group within phylum Order-similar features Family-similar features Genus- closely related group Species- specific group of organism ```

Question 29

what is taxonomy

Answer 29

study of classification

Question 30

what does the binomial system allow

Answer 30

identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics animals globally recognised prediction of evolutionary links

Question 31

what are the 3 domains

Answer 31

Archea- no nucleus, extremophiles Bacteria- no nucleus, pathogenic forms Eukarya- membrane-bound nucleus

Question 32

3 methods of classification

Answer 32

artificial natural phylogenetic

Question 33

+ve and -ve of artificial classification

Answer 33

easy to develop, stable | don't show evolutionary relationships

Question 34

+ve and -ve of natural classification

Answer 34

traits based on groupings , useful information and stuff can be added tend to change

Question 35

evidence for phylogenetic classification

Answer 35

molecular- proteins, DNA, base sequence similarities, embryological- similarities in early stages of development anatomical- similarities in structure and function of different body parts behavioural- similarities in behaviour and social

Question 36

types of quadrats

Answer 36

point frame DFP- density, frequency, percentage cover

Question 37

abiotic factors

Answer 37

``` wind speed light intensity relative humidity pH temperature ```

Question 38

Darwins 5 observations

Answer 38

overproduction stable populations - struggle for existence limited resources variation inheritance of variation- survival of the fittest, accumulation of beneficial adaptations

Question 39

what is palaeontology

Answer 39

study of the fossil record

Question 40

comparative anatomy

Answer 40

similarities and differences between anatomy

Question 41

comparative biochemistry

Answer 41

proteins/enzymes/DNA

Question 42

comparative embryology

Answer 42

developing embryos

Question 43

interspecific

Answer 43

between members of different species

Question 44

intraspecific

Answer 44

between members of the same species

Question 45

sources of genetic variation

Answer 45

alleles independent assortment crossing over

Question 46

sources of environmental variation

Answer 46

sunlight, minerals, pH of soil, | melanin levels, accident, disease

Question 47

discontinuous variation

Answer 47

characteristic that only has a certain amount of values- controlled by a single gene

Question 48

continuous variation

Answer 48

a characteristic that can take any value within a range- controlled by many genes

Question 49

paired and unpaired t-test

Answer 49

measurements made on identical twins | looking at the effect of X or Y on Z

Question 50

1 tailed and 2 tailed t-test

Answer 50

1 tailed- considering 1 alternative | 2 tailed-considering either alternatives

Question 51

null hypothesis

Answer 51

there is no significant statistical difference between the...

Question 52

phylogeny

Answer 52

classification according to their genetic and molecular make up

Question 53

factors affecting genetic biodiversity

Answer 53

mutations interbreeding selective breeding

Question 54

how to measure genetic biodiversity

Answer 54

proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci

Question 55

for human population growth what is required

Answer 55

deforestation- permanent removal of large areas of forest agriculture- increase in amount of land needed to be farmed climate change

Question 56

define in-situ

Answer 56

within the natural habitat

Question 57

define ex-situ

Answer 57

out of the natural habitat

Question 58

what is conservation

Answer 58

preservation and careful management of the environment

Question 59

what is extinct

Answer 59

no organisms or species exist anywhere

Question 60

what is CITES

Answer 60

regulates the international trade of wild plant and animal specimens and their products

Question 61

what is the rio convention

Answer 61

earth summit | helps to maintain biodiversity

Question 62

what is the CSS

Answer 62

sustain the beauty and diversity of the countryside creating wildlife habitats payments to farmers

Question 63

what is a fungi and prokaryotes cell wall made of

Answer 63

chitin and murein