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Biology Griffiths Y12 > Module 4 Biodiversity > Flashcards

Module 4 Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms present in an area

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2
Q

3 types of biodiversity

A

Habitat
Species
Genetic

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3
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

Number of different habitats in an area

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4
Q

Species biodiversity

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

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5
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

The variation of alleles within a species

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6
Q

Define the term species

A

A group of similar organisms which are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

Define the term habitat

A

The area inhabited by a species

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8
Q

Why is sampling important in measuring the biodiversity of an area

A

Because a habitat may be too large and too great for actual counting so a sample is quick and gives representation of the whole habitat

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9
Q

Why must a sample be random and how can you make a sample random

A

To stop bias in the results
Dividing the area into a grid and using random number generator to select the coordinates
Take samples at regular distances across the area

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10
Q

Outline the stages in sampling an area

A

Choose an area to sample
Count number of species using suitable method
Repeat process taking as many samples as possible to get a better indication of the whole habitat

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11
Q

How would you measure species richness?

A

Taking random samples of a habitat and counting the number of different species

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12
Q

How would you measure species evenness

A

Take random samples of a habitat, and count the number of individuals of each different species

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13
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of different species in an area

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14
Q

What is species evenness

A

The measure of the abundance of each species in an area

the more similar the population size of each species the greater the species evenness

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15
Q

Why is using Simpsons index of biodiversity better than just using the species evenness and richness?

A

This is because the simpsons index of biodiversity takes into account both species richness and evenness so gives a more accurate representation of the biodiversity of a habitat

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16
Q

What do Simpson’s values represent

A

Simpson’s index values show how diverse a habitat is if the value is closer to 1 the more diverse the habitat

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17
Q

What is global biodiversity

A

The total number of species on the earth

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18
Q

What does the global biodiversity include?

A

Banned species- figure isn’t exact as there is no central database and different scientists disagree on methods of classification
Unnamed species- Scientists believe that many species have not been discovered and some have yet to be named

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19
Q

Why do different scientists have different ideas of global biodiversity?

A

Different scientists use different measuring techniques
Little is known about some organisms
Biodiversity varies in different parts of the world

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20
Q

aims of sustainability

A

preserve environment

ensure resources available for future

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21
Q

how to make fishing sustainable

A

quotas
eu fisheries policy
limit catches

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22
Q

how is masai mara sustained

A

grazing limited
rangers to look after animals
tourism made sure to not exploit natural environment

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23
Q

how is Antarctica sustained

A

protection of the continent

conservation of plants and animals

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24
Q

how is the lake district sustained

A

replanting native trees

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25
Q

how are peat bogs conserved

A

building ditches
removing tree seedlings
controlled grazing

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26
Q

how is Snowdonia conserved

A

conserve natural beauty

27
Q

how is the Galapagos island conserved

A

park rangers

limiting human access

28
Q

how are animals classified

A 
Kingdom- largest group
Phylum- common body plan 
Class-major group within phylum
Order-similar features
Family-similar features
Genus- closely related group
Species- specific group of organism
29
Q

what is taxonomy

A

study of classification

30
Q

what does the binomial system allow

A

identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
animals globally recognised
prediction of evolutionary links

31
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Archea- no nucleus, extremophiles
Bacteria- no nucleus, pathogenic forms
Eukarya- membrane-bound nucleus

32
Q

3 methods of classification

A

artificial
natural
phylogenetic

33
Q

+ve and -ve of artificial classification

A

easy to develop, stable

don’t show evolutionary relationships

34
Q

+ve and -ve of natural classification

A

traits based on groupings , useful information and stuff can be added
tend to change

35
Q

evidence for phylogenetic classification

A

molecular- proteins, DNA, base sequence similarities,
embryological- similarities in early stages of development
anatomical- similarities in structure and function of different body parts
behavioural- similarities in behaviour and social

36
Q

types of quadrats

A

point
frame

DFP- density, frequency, percentage cover

37
Q

abiotic factors

A 
wind speed
light intensity
relative humidity 
pH
temperature
38
Q

Darwins 5 observations

A

overproduction
stable populations - struggle for existence
limited resources
variation
inheritance of variation- survival of the fittest, accumulation of beneficial adaptations

39
Q

what is palaeontology

A

study of the fossil record

40
Q

comparative anatomy

A

similarities and differences between anatomy

41
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

proteins/enzymes/DNA

42
Q

comparative embryology

A

developing embryos

43
Q

interspecific

A

between members of different species

44
Q

intraspecific

A

between members of the same species

45
Q

sources of genetic variation

A

alleles
independent assortment
crossing over

46
Q

sources of environmental variation

A

sunlight, minerals, pH of soil,

melanin levels, accident, disease

47
Q

discontinuous variation

A

characteristic that only has a certain amount of values- controlled by a single gene

48
Q

continuous variation

A

a characteristic that can take any value within a range- controlled by many genes

49
Q

paired and unpaired t-test

A

measurements made on identical twins

looking at the effect of X or Y on Z

50
Q

1 tailed and 2 tailed t-test

A

1 tailed- considering 1 alternative

2 tailed-considering either alternatives

51
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is no significant statistical difference between the…

52
Q

phylogeny

A

classification according to their genetic and molecular make up

53
Q

factors affecting genetic biodiversity

A

mutations
interbreeding
selective breeding

54
Q

how to measure genetic biodiversity

A

proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci

55
Q

for human population growth what is required

A

deforestation- permanent removal of large areas of forest
agriculture- increase in amount of land needed to be farmed
climate change

56
Q

define in-situ

A

within the natural habitat

57
Q

define ex-situ

A

out of the natural habitat

58
Q

what is conservation

A

preservation and careful management of the environment

59
Q

what is extinct

A

no organisms or species exist anywhere

60
Q

what is CITES

A

regulates the international trade of wild plant and animal specimens and their products

61
Q

what is the rio convention

A

earth summit

helps to maintain biodiversity

62
Q

what is the CSS

A

sustain the beauty and diversity of the countryside
creating wildlife habitats
payments to farmers

63
Q

what is a fungi and prokaryotes cell wall made of

A

chitin and murein

Biology Griffiths Y12 (10 decks)

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