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Biology Griffiths Y12 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How are Erythrocytes specialised

A

Flattened biconcave shape to increase SA:V ratio for oxygen transportation
No nuclei, so more room for haemoglobin
Flexible to squeeze through narrow capillaries

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2
Q

How are Neutrophils specialised

A

A characteristic multi-lobed nucleus to squeeze through small gaps to get to infections
Granular cytoplasm containing many lysosomes containing enzymes to attack pathogens

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3
Q

How are Sperm Cells specialised

A

A tail/flagellum for movement
Many mitochondria for energy to swim
Acrosome containing digestive enzymes to penetrate egg for fertilisation

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4
Q

How are Palisade Cells specialised

A

Many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Cells rectangular so can pack tightly forming a continuous layer
Thin cell walls increasing rate of diffusion of CO2
Large Vacuole to maintain turgor pressure
Chloroplasts can move within cytoplasm to absorb more light

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5
Q

How are Root Hair Cells specialised

A

Have long extensions (root hairs) increasing SA- maximising uptake of water and minerals from soil

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6
Q

How are Guard Cells specialised

A

They form stomata to allow CO2 for photosynthesis
Change shape and stoma close to prevent further water loss
Cell wall of guard cell is thicker on one side so cell does not change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

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7
Q

How are Squamous Epithelial Cells specialised

A

Very flat and thin as one cell thick
Present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential- forms lining of the lungs and allows rapid diffusion of O2 into blood

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8
Q

Ciliates epithelial cell’s

A

Mucus swept away by hair like structures from lungs

Mucus traps unwanted particles from reaching alveoli

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9
Q

What does mitosis do

A 
Diploid 
Identical cells 
Only chromosomes separate 
1 division 
2 diploid daughter cells
No crossing over 
No variation
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10
Q

What does meiosis do

A 
Haploid 
Produces non identical cells
Pairs of chromosomes separate 
2 divisions 
4 haploid daughter cells
Crossing over 
Variation
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11
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cell’s with the potential to differentiate

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12
Q

Totipotent

A

Any type of cell

Early embryo

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13
Q

Pluripotent

A

Most cells

Blastocyst

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14
Q

Multipotent

A

Many cells

Bone marrow

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15
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Umbilical cord
Meristematic tissue
Bone marrow
Embryo

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16
Q

Stages of mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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17
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and shorten
Centromeres attach to spindle fibres
Centrioles at opposite ends

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18
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Chromosomes on metaphase plate

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Chromosomes become chromatids

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20
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms
Chromosomes uncoil
Centromeres and centrioles disassemble

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21
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes coil

Cell membrane and cytoplasm split

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22
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching set of chromosomes

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23
Q

Bivalents

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

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24
Q

Chiasmata

A

Chromosomes break and rejoin

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25
Q

What happens in meiosis that is different to mitosis

A 
Bivalents formed 
Crossing over (prophase 1, metaphase 2)
26
Q

What could a change in the base sequence cause

A

Changes amino acid sequence

Changes primary structure of protein and function

27
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis then interphase-

G1 (G0), S, G2

28
Q

What happens at G1

A

Cellular contents, apart from chromosomes are duplicated

29
Q

What happens at S

A

Each of the chromosomes are replicated

30
Q

What happens at G2

A

Cell checks the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any repairs that are needed

31
Q

What are the checkpoints

A

Spindle Assembly
G1
G2

32
Q

What happens at spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Checks chromosome attachment to spindle

33
Q

What happens at G1 checkpoint

A 
Checks for 
Cell size 
Nutrients 
Growth factors 
DNA Damage
34
Q

Why might a cell leave at G0

A

Differentiation
DNA might be damaged
Senescent cell’s

35
Q

What happens at G2 checkpoint

A

Checks for
Cell size
DNA replication
DNA damage

36
Q

What does mitosis do

A 
Diploid 
Identical cells 
Only chromosomes separate 
1 division 
2 diploid daughter cells
No crossing over 
No variation
37
Q

What does meiosis do

A 
Haploid 
Produces non identical cells
Pairs of chromosomes separate 
2 divisions 
4 haploid daughter cells
Crossing over 
Variation
38
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cell’s with the potential to differentiate

39
Q

Totipotent

A

Any type of cell

Early embryo

40
Q

Pluripotent

A

Most cells

Blastocyst

41
Q

Multipotent

A

Many cells

Bone marrow

42
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Umbilical cord
Meristematic tissue
Bone marrow
Embryo

43
Q

Stances of mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
44
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and shorten
Centromeres attach to spindle fibres
Centrioles at opposite ends

45
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Chromosomes on metaphase plate

46
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Chromosomes become chromatids

47
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms
Chromosomes uncoil
Centromeres and centrioles disassemble

48
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes coil

Cell membrane and cytoplasm split

49
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching set of chromosomes

50
Q

Bivalents

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

51
Q

Chiasmata

A

Chromosomes break and rejoin

52
Q

What happens in meiosis that is different to mitosis

A 
Bivalents formed 
Crossing over (prophase 1, metaphase 2)
53
Q

What could a change in the base sequence cause

A

Changes amino acid sequence

Changes primary structure of protein and function

54
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis then interphase-

G1 (G0), S, G2

55
Q

What happens at G1

A

Cellular contents, apart from chromosomes are duplicated

56
Q

What happens at S

A

Each of the chromosomes are replicated

57
Q

What happens at G2

A

Cell checks the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any repairs that are needed

58
Q

What are the checkpoints

A

Spindle Assembly
G1
G2

59
Q

What happens at spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Checks chromosome attachment to spindle

60
Q

What happens at G1 checkpoint

A 
Checks for 
Cell size 
Nutrients 
Growth factors 
DNA Damage
61
Q

Why might a cell leave at G0

A

Differentiation
DNA might be damaged
Senescent cell’s

62
Q

What happens at G2 checkpoint

A

Checks for
Cell size
DNA replication
DNA damage

Biology Griffiths Y12 (10 decks)

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