NU 735 Pulmonary Flashcards
**Ventilator Associated PNA
Overview **
Community Rate VAP
- Ventilated >/= 30 days, 70 % acquired
- VAP >/= 48 HRS after Intubation
**Mortaligy **
- 50 to 70%
- Underlying disease plays a role
VAP : Etiology AKA
Bacteria
MDR & non-MDR bacterial pathogen
- **Non-MDR like CAP /gm negative : **
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,
- E.coli;
- klimseala pneumonia )
**MDR /gram positive
MRSA or Steph aurous
Atypical Bacteria: Lower incidence
Accept Legionella
VAP
Three factors to Pathogenies of VAP
* Colonization of the oropharynx (from pathogenic organisms )
* Aspiration of these organisms (lower respiratory tract )
* Compromise of the normal host defense
*
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
Risk Factors
* Endotracheal tube : Prolonged intubation
**Bypass normal mechanical factors to prevent aspiration **
- Macro Aspiration: High air flow
- Micro aspiration can occur exacerbation by secretion above the cuff
**Oropharynx flora replaced by pathogenic microorganisms
Glycocalyx biofilm
Protect bacteria
Risk for inoculation
Immunoparalysis: Corresponds with VAP
**Antibiotic selection pressure: Poses Greater Risk **
* Cross infection
* Contaminated equipment
*** Malnutrition **
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
**Complications **
- **Prolonged Ventilation and ICU Stay **
*** Nectrotizinet Pneumonia **
- Pulmonary Hemoragged
- Bronchietasis
- Parenchymal Scarring
*Result i Catabolic State:
-Nurtitional Risk muscle waist Rehab
**Permanently Impact the Elderly: **
Unable to return to Independent Living
PNA
Clinical Manifestations
***** Symtoms ca indolent or Fulinant
* Febrile, ST, Chills, Night Sweats, HA, Malgias, and or arthragias
- Caugh
- Nonproductive
- Productive mucoid, Purulent, or Blood tinged Sputum
Gross Hemotysis: CA-MRSA
Pleural Chest Pain: Pleural Involvement
GI: N/V/D
Dull to flat percussion
Crackles, bronchial breath sounds and pleural friction rub
Elderly Display AMS and few other manifestations
AMS may be 1st
Hospital & Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia
Empiric Treatment Plan
** Importance of antibiogram ( consult pharmacy _ **
* Plan treatment based on risk factors
** Risk factors: **
* prolonged hospitalization,
* recent antibiotic use,
* intubation,
* immunocompromised,
* ARDS,
No MDR risk factors <10%
VAP TX Empirical
No MDR Risk Factors
- **Treat with single agent **
- Zosyn 4.5 mg Q 6 hrs ,
- Cefepime 2gm Q 8 hrs or
- Levofloxacin
- Zosyn and Cefepime ( more common for TX b/c of gr negative coverage)
VAP TX Empirical
MDR
**Antibiotic coverage: 3 different antibiotics
2 will be directed for Pseudomonas ariginosis and
1 MRSA ) **
- Cover for P. aeruginosa & MRSA
- P Aeruginosa: Zosyn, Cefepime or Merrem
-
Consider double coverage if severely ill
Aminoglycoside or Fluoroquinolone
+/- Zyvox or Vancomycin for MRSA**
VaP
Specific Treatment Plan
- Narrow Down ABT
- Negative Tracheal Aspirate Culture or Growth
-Consider Stoping ABT
- look for Alternative Dx - D/C Combo Therapy for most Pseudomonas Pneumonia
Lung Abcess
Overview
- Necrosis and Cavitation of Lung
-Caused By Microbial Infection
Lung Abscess
Microbes
- Anaerobs Associated with** Aspiration **
- Ca-MRSA
- Pseudomonas Aruginosa: Worsen Prognosis in Community
- Strepntococcus Pneumonia
*
Lung Abcess
**Risk Factors **
**Aspiratin is major risk factor contributed by **
* AMS
* ETOH
* Drug overdose
* Seizures
* Stroke
* Neuromuscular Disease
* Esophageal Dysmotility
Lung Abcess
Decreased Incidence
Significan
Mortality and Morbidity
Lungs Abcess
Characterization
- Primary VS Secondary
- Acute vs Chronic
Lungs Abcess
Acute
Less <4 to 6 wks
Lung Abcess
Chronic
40% cases
Lung Abscess
Typically Single dominant
> 2cm (can be single or multiple )
Lung Abcess
Primary
- **Anaerobic Bacteria **
- Produce extensive Tissue Necrosis
- **Absence of underlying pulmonary or sytemic Condition **
Lung Abcess
Primary /clinical Manifestation
- Pneumonitis (Gastric acid )
- Parencymal necrosis and vaitatio develop 7 tp 14 days
- Posterior Upper
- Superior lower
- Right lung field (effective more b/c Rt bronchi less angulated )
- Putrid Abscess: Foul smelling breath, sputum or empyema
- Anaerobic Etiology
Lung Abscess
Secondary
*** Underlying Condition **
- Post obstruction process (bronchial foreign body or tumor )
- Systemic process (HIV or other immune compromised conditions )
Lung Abcess
Secondary /Organisms
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa & GNR (other gm – rods) most common
- Staphylococcus aureus (septic Emboli)
- Legionella spp.
- Pneumocystitis jirovecii
- Fungal (imuno compromised like bone marrow or organ transplant pt )
*
- Fungal (imuno compromised like bone marrow or organ transplant pt )
Lung Abcess
DX
- CT chest: Air fluid levels with Development Abcess
- Putrid Sputum Odor: Virtually dx for Anaerobes
- **Sputum Culture and Gram’s Stain:
- Failure of treatment b/c does not show anerobic culture
Yield Polymicrobial
Lungs abcess
Secondary Abscess specific
present and Faile of tx to Epirical Therapy
* Sputum and BC : Need for target therapy in addition to serologic study for opportunistc pathogenns
* Bronchoscopy with Bronhoaveolar Lavage
* CT guided percutaneous needle aspitration
Lung Abcess TX
Primary Lung Abcess
- **Clindamycin 600 mg IV TID **
- Duration TX
-Clinical Improvement
-No Fever
**Transition to Clindamycin 300 mg PO QID **
Lung Abcess TX
Primary Lung Abcess
Alternative: Bat Lestin Combination
Unasyn
Transitio to Augmentin
Duration : 14 wks
3 to 4 wks or 14 wks duration
Secondary Lung Abscess
Specific Coveragr for pathogens
Abcess: > 6 to 8 cm diameter
Less likely to respond to aBX alone
Surgical resection
Percutaneous drainage
Pleural Effisin
Starts Here
Pleural Effusion
Overview
**What is Pleural Space ?
What is Pleural Effusion ?
**Pleural Space **
-Lies between **lung **and **chest wall
- Normally contains thin layer of fluid
**Fluid enters pleural space from capillaries **
- Removed from lymphatics in parietal pleura
The pleural fluid formation exceeds pleural fluid absorption
-Excess quantity of fluid in pleural space
Pleural effusion occurs
Pleural Effusion
Initiating Treatment Plan
Suspect pleural effusion
- Chest imaging to diagnose the extent
-Chest ultrasound,
-CT scan (no contrast ) or
-chest x-ray (Pick up sometimes 1st )
Significant pleural effusion
-Thoracentesis: Bedside or IR
-Chest tube or
VATs: (video assistant **thoracotomy ) : **
Late treatment or difficult cases
-** Pleural fluid analysis** : once pleural fluid obtained
Pleural Effusion
Etiology
Transudate
VS
Exudate
TEST
** Trasudate **
Effusion develop when change in** systemic factorss such as increase in capillary Hydrostatic pressure or decrease collide pressure
- CHF (left Ventrical Failure )
- Cirrhosis
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Peritoneal Dialysis
- SVC onstruction
- Myxedema
- Urinothorax (urine in pleural due to retropinnind leaking of urine occumulation
**Exudate **
Result of pleaural inflammation, Infection, injury, or Lymphatic obstruction
- Neoplastic diseases
- Infectious disease: TB, , pNA
- Inflammation :
- Pulmonary embilism or infarction
- Trauma
**Normal Pleural Fluid **
Pleural Effusio Fluid Analysis
- Appears Clear
- PH: 7.60 to 7.64
- Protein: <2% (1-2)
- WBC <1000
- Glucose : Similar to Plasma
- LDH: <50% plasma concetration
- Amylase: 30 to 110
- Triglycerides: <2
- Cholesterol : 3.5 to 6.5
Light’s Criteria
Pleural Effusio Fluid Analysis
**Light’s Criteria
Exudate vs TRAnsudate
- Exudate = meet at least one -
- Pleural fluid protein/serum **protein >0.5 **
- Pleural fluid LDH/serum **LDH >0.6 **
- Pleural fluid LDH >2/3 normal upper limit for serum
- **Serum protein/pleural fluid protein differnts **
Gradient >3.1 g/dL: Transudate
Exudated ruled out It will be Transudate
Trasudate
** **Serum protein/pleural fluid protein differnts **
Gradient >3.1 g/dL: Transudate