NSTP Quiz 1 Flashcards
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- health crisis caused by exposure to hot weather or sun
- exposure to abnormal heat without adequate water intake
heat emergencies/illness
TYPES OF HEAT-RELATED EMERGENCIES
- heat cramps
- heat exhaustion
- heat stroke
painful involuntary muscle cramps during or after exercise
heat cramps
extreme heat and excessive sweating without adequate fluid intake
heat exhaustion
the body is unable to control its temperature
heat stroke
EMERGENCY SIGNS OF HEAT CRAMPS
- painful cramps especially in the legs
- flushed, moist skin
EMERGENCY SIGNS OF HEAT EXHAUSTION
- heavy sweating
- paleness
- muscle cramps
- tiredness and weakness
- headache
- nausea or vomiting
- fainting
- coll, moist skin
- fast, weak pulse
EMERGENCY SIGNS OF HEAT STROKE
- strange behavior
- headache
- dizziness
- confusion
- disorientation
- coma
- red, hot, dry, and flushed skin
- rapid pulse
- DOB nausea
- vomiting
- fatigue and weaknesses
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF HEAT CRAMPS
- remove the patient from the area
- encourage the patient to drink beverages containing salt
- stretch the affected muscle and massage the area once the spasm has passed
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF HEAT EXHAUSTION
- move to a cool place
- lay the victim down
- elevate feet
- loosen clothing
- give fluids
- apply a cool compress
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF HEAT STROKE
- call for help
- move the person into a cool place
- cool the patient immediately immersing in water
- spray with water, fan the patient, and ice bags in the neck, armpits, groin
- monitor v/s
- shock position - bp below normal range
partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain
fainting
CAUSES OF FAINTING
- emotional stress
- pain
- medical condition
- standing for a long time
- pregnant women
- erderly
SIGNS OF FAINTING
- nausea
- dizziness
- turning pale
- ringing in ears
- blurry vision
- lightheaded
- suddenly feeling warm and sweaty
FIRST AID OF FAINTING
- lay the person down in a safe area and loosen tight clothing
- raise the legs above chest level for 10-15 mins
- call for an ambulance if the person does not recover after 20 mins
an illness in which certain substances or conditions that will trigger and cause inflammation, constriction and making breathing difficult
asthma attack
CAUSES OF ASTHMA ATTACK
- some food and beverages
- respiratory infections
- genetic
- smoking
- air pollutants
- chemicals and perfume
- dust
- certain medications
- stress
- pet danger
WARNING SIGNS OF ASTHMA
- headache
- stuffy or runny nose
- sore throat
- coughing or sneezing
- difficulty sleeping
- feeling moody and irritable
- tiredness or weakness during physical activity
- allergic reaction caused by the overactivity of the immune system against specific antigens
- severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
anaphylaxis
CAUSES OF ANAPHYLAXIS
- insect sting
- medication
- food
- latex
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- airway (coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, difficulty swallowing)
- skin (hives, swelling, itchiness, widespread redness, warmth)
- brain (anxiety, confusion, headache, feeling something is about to happen)
- heart (faint, pale, blue color, dizziness, weak pulse, shock, fainting)
- stomach (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach, pain or cramps)
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF ANAPHYLAXIS
- call local emergency no.
- calm and treasure patient
- help the person to rest
- monitor airway breathing
- assist with the prescribed medicine
sudden attact of physical manifestations/changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
seizure (convulsion)
TYPES OF SEIZURE
- tonic seizure
- atonic seizure
- myoclonic seizure
- clonic seizure
muscles becomes stiff
tonic seizure
muscle int the body relax
atonic seizure
short jerkin in parts of the body
myoclonic seizure
periods of shaking/jerking parts of the body
clonic seizure
- temporary loss of consciousness
- related to insufficient blood flow to the brain
syncope (fainting)
happens when there is a loss of blood supply to part of the heart muscle, often due to a blockage in a nearby artery
heart attack
it is due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol
blockage
- fatty, cholesterol-containing deposit
- can rupture and form CLOT – blocks blood flow
plaques
CAUSES OF HEART ATTACK
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Coronary Artery Spasm
- certain infections
- Spontaneous coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)
causes most heart attacks
Coronary Artery Disease
- apparatus that medical providers will use to classify heart attacks (an acute complete blockage & a partial blockage)
electrocardiogram
RISK FACTORS OF HEART ATTACK
- age
- high cholesterol
- diabetes
- not enough exercise
- tobacco use
- high triglycerides
- illegal drug use
- unhealthy diet
- high blood pressure
- obesity
- family history
- stress
SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK
- chest pain
- pain/discomfort
- fatigue
- heartburn/indigestion
- dizziness/lightheaded
- nausea
- shortness of breath
- women (brief/ sharp pain felt in the neck, arm and back)
- sudden cardiac arrest
- angina
temporary low in blood flow to the heart
angina
PREVENTION OF HEART ATTACK
- follow a healthy lifestyle
- manage other health conditions
- take medications as directed
CAUSES OR TRIGGERS OF SEIZURES
- high fever
- brain infections
- severe general illness
- lack of sleep
- low blood sodium
- certain medications
- new active brain injury
- illegal drug use
- alcohol misuse
are emergency procedure that consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both
basic life support
- breating + pulse
respiratory arrest
LLF
Look, Listen and Feel (10 sec)
Opening of Airway:
Adult (13y+) - maximum head tilt chin lift
child (1-12y) - neutral plus position
infant (newborn - 1y) - neutral position
- breathing - pulse
cardiac arrest
cardiac arrest for Adult and Child
carotid pulse
cardiac arrest for infant
brachial pulse
counting for cardiac arrest
1001 - 1010
- aka choking
- a common breathing emergency that occurs when the person’s airway is partially or completely blocked by a foreign object
foreign-body airway obstruction
TWO TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION
- Anatomical Obstruction
- Mechanical Obstruction
when tongue drops back and obstructs the throat.
causes acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling and whooping cough
anatomical obstruction
when foreign objects lodged in the pharainx or airways; solid or liquid accumate in the back of the throat
mechanical obstruction
ABC first aid procedure for choking
Abdominal
Backslaps
Chest thrust
type of breathing emergencies which occurs when breathing has stopped
respiratory arrest
a technique of breathing air into a person to supply him or her with the oxygen needed to survive
- given to victims who are not breathing but still have pulse
rescue breathing
rate of breath for adults
24 breathes for 2 mins (1 breath every 5 sec)
rate of breath for infant and child
40 breaths for 2 mins (1 breath every 3 seconds)
rescue breathing for adults (13y+)
breathe
1, 1002, 1003, 1001
breathe
1, 1002, 1003, 1002
breathe
1, 1002, 1003, 1003
breathe
1, 1002, 1003, 1004
breathe
……up to 1024
rescue breathing for child and infant
breathe
1, 1001
breathe
1, 1002
breathe
1, 1003
breathe
1, 1004
breathe
1, up to 1040
breathe
- called ‘triggers’ cause inflamation and constriction of the airways making breathing difficult
- an illness in which certain substances or conditions
asthma attack
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
- remain calm
- help the person to sit comfortably
- loosen any tight clothing around the neck and abdomen
Cardiac Arrest chain
early access
early cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
early defibrillation
early advance cardiac life support
post cardiac arrest care
recognition of cardiac arrest and early activation of emergency response system
early access
It is most effective when started immediately after the victim’s collapse. The probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of EMS.
Early Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
It is most likely improve survival. It is the key intervention to increase the chances of survival of patients with “out-of-hospital” cardiac arrest
Early Defibrillation
If provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics, provision of advanced care outside the hospital would be possible.
Early Advance Cardiac Life Support
For post resuscitative and long term resuscitation.
Post Cardiac Arrest Care
- aka myocardial infarction
- occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is reduced causing damage to the heart muscle and preventing blood from circulating effectively. It is usually caused by coronary heart disease.
Heart Attack
What to look for for heart attact
- Chest pain, discomfort or pressure
- Pain may be associated from discomfort to unbearable crushing sensation in the chest.
- Person may describe it as pressure, squeezing, tightness, aching or heaviness in the chest.
- Some individual may not show signals at all.
What to do: heart attack
- Have the patient stop from what he or she is doing and sit or lie him/her down in a comfortable position. Do not let him/her to move around.
- Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
- If patient is under pressure, assist him/her in taking his/her prescribed medicine/s.
Is a condition occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood circulates thru the blood vessels and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.
Cardiac Arrest
Is a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing.
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- The patient has valid Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) order.
- The patient has signs of irreversible death, rigor mortis, decapitation or dependent lividity.
CPR stands for…
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
When to STOP
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- Spontaneous signs of breathing and circulation.
- Turned over to professional provider.
- Operator is exhausted.
- Physician assumes responsibility.
- Scene become unsafe
- are computerized devices that are attached to a pulseless victim with adhesive pads. They will recommend shock delivery only if the victim’s heart rhythm is one that a shock can treat.
- give rescuers visual and voice prompts to guide rescuer actions.
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
Is a common initial rhythm in witnessed sudden cardiac arrest. It occurs when the heart has rapid, uncoordinated, ineffective contractions and does not pump blood.
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Is the treatment of irregular, sporadic or absent heart rhythms by an electrical current to the heart.
- The most effective treatment for VF is electrical defibrillation.
- The probability of successful defibrillation decreases quickly over time.
- VF deteriorates to asystole if not treated.
Defibrillation
Use of AED Pads for ADULT (Victims 9 Years of Age and Older)
Use only adult pads (do NOT use child pads or a child key or switch for victims 8 years of age and older).
Use of AED Pads for CHILD (Victims 1 to 8 Years of Age)
- Use child pads if available. If you do not have child pads, you may use adult pads as long as the pads do not touch.
- If the AED has a key or switch that will deliver a child shock dose, turn the key or switch.
- For unwitnessed, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children, perform 5 cycles or 2 minutes of CPR before using and attaching the AED.
For any in-hospital cardiac arrest or for any sudden collapse of a child out-of-hospital, use AED as soon as it available.
Lone Rescuer with an AED
- The lone rescuer should quickly activate the emergency response system and get the AED.
- The rescuer should then return to the victim and begin the steps of CPR.
- The AED should be used only if the victim does not respond, has no breathing, and has no pulse.
There are 2 exceptions to this rule (lone rescuer with an AED):
- If the victim is an adult and a likely victim of asphyxial arrest, the rescuer should give 5 cycles of CPR before activating the emergency response system and getting AED.
- If the victim is a child and the rescuer did not witness the arrest, the rescuer should give 5 cycles of CPR before activating the emergency response system and getting the AED.
RESCUE BREATHING COUNTING
13+
Breathe, 1, 1002, 1003, 1001 - 1024
below 12
breath, 1, 1001, - 1040
CHEST COMPRESSION RATIO
30 compression : 2 breaths (5 cycles)
15 compression : 1 breath (10 cycles)
—-infant 2 rescuer
Why 2 breathes in 30 compression?
1-20, 1-9, 1, breathe, breathe (…up to 5 cycles)
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE
- Survey the scene
- Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) /Transfer Facility
- Check for consciousness
- airway
- breathes
- circulation
- Do a primary survey
* SAMPLE history - Do a secondary survey
* Interview the victim
* Check vital signs
* Perform head-to-toe examination
AMA stands for?
Activate Medical Assistance
What to do in primary survey
- Check for consciousness
* airway
* breathes
* circulation
what does SAMPLE stand for in interview the victim in secondary survey
Signs and Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last oral intake
Events prior to the episode
What do you check in vital signs?
- pulse
*respiration = 1 inhale + 1 exhale - skin appearance
- pupils
DCAPBTLS
Deformities
Contusions
Abrasions
Puncture/penetration
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling
TYPES OF PUPILLARY REACTIONS
- Constricted pupils (heat stoke / drug over dose)
- Dilated pupils (shock / bleeding)
- unequal pupils (head injury / stroke)
rapid movement of patient from unsafe to safe place
Emergency rescue
moving patient to another place after giving first aid
transfer
sorting patient into priority categories
triage
START stands for…
Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment
a method that is proven effective
Start system
TAGGING OF PATIENT
- Red tag (life threatening)
- Yellow tag (1 hour delay)
- Green tag ( 3 hours delay)
- Black tag (dead patient)
