Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

nsci100 > nsci exam 3 > Flashcards

nsci exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

why do our muscles contract

A

in response to something internal or something in our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

dorsal/magnocellular stream

A

goes to parietal lobe for spatial aspects of stimuli (where and how)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ventral/parvocellular stream

A

goes to inferior temporal lobe for object identification features (what)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiates goal-directed movement, gets input from many parts of cortex, outputs to motor cortex, internal processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what structures does the basal ganglia include

A

caudate + putamen (=striatum), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

damage to basal ganglia

A

results in problems initiating movements, can cause parkinson’s disease or huntington’s chorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

damage to substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

huntington’s chorea

A

damage to striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

rigidity, tremors, slow movements, difficulty starting voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does primary motor cortex (M1) get input from?

A

basal ganglia, premotor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

proprioception

A

information is sent from muscle to the cortex and also to the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does premotor cortex get input from

A

posterior parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does primary motor cortex get input from

A

premotor cortex and somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

“parallel tracks”

A

parvocellular starts with cones in fovea and ends in temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

magnocellular starts with….

A

rods in periphery of retina, ends in parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alpha motor neurons release…

A

acetylcholine onto nicotine receptors found on skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

unconscious movement

A

not cortical, cerebellum, reflexes, reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cerebellum is important for

A

motor functions, cognitive functions, accuracy, timing, reacting to things in real time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

problems with the accuracy and timing of movements, problems with balance and coordination and speech articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sensory component of muscle needed for

A

muscle tone, preventing extreme movements, reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit

A

an increase in muscle length is counteracted by the same muscle contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stretch reflex circuitry

A

afferents are proprioceptive, efferents are alpha motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

movements can also be “semi-automatic”

A

controlled by the reticular formation; semi-automatic movements are repetitive, well-rehearsed, and unconscious; controlled by central pattern generators; include walking, chewing, breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

circadian rhythms

A

internal rhythm that is close to 24-hour cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

examples of circadian rhythms

A

blood pressure, sleeping, body temperature, release of cortisol and other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

A

sensitive to light and external cues, generate a rhythm on their own, influences the secretion of the hormone melatonin from the pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does an individual cell produce a daily rhythm

A

through the production of specific proteins like PER and TIM on a 24-hour cycle, different sequences of the PER and TIM genes causes unusual circadian rhythms in people, as protein builds up it inhibits the production of new mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

slow wave (non-REM) sleep characterized by

A

decreased neuronal activity, little body movement, decreased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure, lack of rapid eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

REM sleep characterized by

A

saccadic eye movements, dreaming, decreased muscle tone, muscle twitches, fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature, pupillary constriction, active EEG pattern, paradoxical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ventral lateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

A

promotes sleep, continuous with anterior hypothalamus

32
Q

limbic system

A

link between cortex and hypothalamus, mediates emotions, memory, motivation, pleasure, reward

33
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

involves with both motivation and pleasure, VTA neurons release dopamine in the accumbens, receives input from the VTA

34
Q

what are the different kinds of memory

A

motor, declarative, emotional

35
Q

hippocampus

A

important in consolidation of declarative memory, contains many NMDA receptors for glutamate

36
Q

amygdala

A

involves in emotional learning and organizing behavior based on experience, can organize a fear response based on input from thalamus or cortex

37
Q

how many emotions

A

fear, anger, joy, disgust, sadness

38
Q

where does amygdala receive input from

A

cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb

39
Q

behavioral reactions

A

fleeing and freezing

40
Q

fear

A

some things provoke an unlearned fear response or based on learning

41
Q

urbach-wiethe disease

A

knows no fear

42
Q

damage to amygdala causes

A

kluver-bucy syndrome

43
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

placidity, hyperphagia, hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia

44
Q

placidity

A

lack of anger

45
Q

hyperphagia

A

excessive food intake and hunger

46
Q

hyperorality

A

put non-food items in the mouth

47
Q

hypersexuality

A

not just more sexual behavior, but in inappropriate ways as well

48
Q

visual agnosia

A

difficulty recognizing objects

49
Q

disgust

A

evolves culturally and develops from a system to protect the body from harm to a system to protect the soul from harm

50
Q

pleasure

A

based on activation of localized regions of the nucleus accumbens

51
Q

motivation

A

based on activation of widespread regions of the nucleus accumbens

52
Q

what causes release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens

A

food, drink, sex, warmth, objects, laughter, music, social contact, drugs

53
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

involves in reward and pleasure

54
Q

anti reward pathway with projections from the lateral habenula (LHb) to the VTA

A

activity increases with aversive stimuli, inhibits the VTA

55
Q

drug that affects synthesis

A

L-dopa (precursor to dopamine) for treating Parkinson’s

56
Q

cocaine blocks reuptake of

A

dopamine

57
Q

alcohol (ethanol) activates

A

GABA receptors (inhibitory)

58
Q

what brain areas are affected by alcohol

A

frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, brain stem

59
Q

features of addictive drugs

A

reinforcement and pleasure, repeated use, tolerance, withdrawal

60
Q

repeated use of addictive drugs

A

switch from drug activating nucleus accumbens to activating a “dorsal” basal ganglia system responsible for automatic behaviors

61
Q

tolerance of addictive drugs

A

more needed to achieve same effect and caused by brain plasticity

62
Q

withdrawal of addictive drugs

A

negative effects, taking the drug removes this, helps to maintain drug-taking behavior

63
Q

reinforcement and pleasure of addictive drugs

A

activation of nucleus accumbens, action of taking drug likely to occur again

64
Q

as addiction progresses

A

decreased number of dopamine receptors in drug abusers and results in decreased effectiveness of natural rewards

65
Q

what do we need to learn about the world

A

properties of things, how we should react to events, what consequences follow our actions, what events follow each other in time, how to perform actions

66
Q

steps of learning and memory

A

encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

67
Q

how to perform actions (motor)

A

basal ganglia is important for learning a sequence of movements as we repeat it over and over, mediates habits, relevant to addiction

68
Q

how to react to events

A

we do not need to learn to have emotions but we need to know when to display them, emotional learning can take place through classical condition, mediated by the amygdala

69
Q

what consequences follow our actions

A

operant conditioning involves learning the relationship between responses we choose to make and outcomes

70
Q

learning the properties of things

A

neurons in hippocampus “keep track” of location and are important for spatial learning, grid cells in entorhinal cortex feed into hippocampus

71
Q

ways to test spatial learning

A

morris water maze and radial arm mazes

72
Q

brain changes in learning

A

glutamate receptors necessary for LTP

73
Q

memory

A

hippocampus is important for consolidation of memory; memories are rehearsed over the short-term and then encoded to create lasting memories

74
Q

working memory

A

proposed as an alternative to short-term memory, emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time, depends on the prefrontal cortex

75
Q

kinds of amnesia

A

anterograde and retrograde

76
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories and problem of consolidation

77
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall old memories, problem of memory retrieval, very recent memories “stored” in hippocampus older ones in frontal lobe

nsci100 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions