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Anatomy > Week 6 + Workshop 4: NS > CNS > Flashcards

Week 6 + Workshop 4: NS > CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) structures

A

Brain + Spinal cord

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2
Q

Nervous System is split into

A

CNS (Central Nervous System)
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains

A

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
brain nerves
spinal nerves

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4
Q

Central nervous System (CNS) Function

A

primary command centre for the body processing:
-higher order cognitive functions
-Integrative and control centres/ - signals

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Function

A

Connects the CNS to the Peripheral organs and muscles
- somatic
- automatic

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6
Q

Nervous System Function

A

Communication!
- collect: external
- process (logic+planning)
- respond

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7
Q

CNS tissue is divided into

A

White + grey matter

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8
Q

CNS grey matters comprises of

A

Neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, glial cells and capillaries

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9
Q

Brain grey matter is found

A

in the outer layers

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10
Q

White matter refers to the areas of the CNS which host the majority of

A

Axons

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11
Q

Axons are

A

long cords that extend from the neurons

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12
Q

A neuron has 3 main parts

A

dendrites, cell body or soma and axon

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13
Q

Label the features of a typical neuron

A

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites

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14
Q

Axons are wrapped in

A

Myelin sheath

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15
Q

The primary functional unit of the nervous system is a

A

Neuron/ nerve cell

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16
Q

Divisions of the central nervous system

A
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17
Q

Most axons are coated in myelin a white fatty insulating cover that helps nerve signals

A

travel quickly and reliably

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18
Q

In the spinal cord white matter is the

A

external layer surrounding the grey core

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19
Q

The CNS is the

A

Processing centre of the brain and the brain is its headquarters

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20
Q

The brain is broadly organised into 3 main regions

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hind braind

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21
Q

The Forebrain aka Cerebrum is the

A

Outer most layer cerbral cortex

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22
Q
A

and smaller structures towards the centre:
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

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23
Q

Encephalon from embriology means

A

The Brain

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24
Q

The lobes of the brain are divided into

A

Gyri (bumps - increase surface area)
Sulcus (grooves or fissures)

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25
Q

The frontal lobe is seperated from parietal lobe by the

A

Central Sulcus

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26
Q

The frontal lobe is seperated by the temporal lobe by the

A

Lateral Sulcus

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27
Q

3 main fibre traits of white matter in the telencephalon “the brain” are grouped by the direction of fibres/tracts

A

Projection fibres
Association fibres
commissural fibres

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28
Q

Encelephalon “The Brain” is divided into specific parts =

A

Telencephalon > Cerebrum + Basal Nuclei
Diencephalon > Thalamus + Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain Stem > Mid brain, Pons, Medulla
+spinal cord

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29
Q

White matter in the brain =

A

Myelintated axons

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30
Q

The cerebrum consits of two hemispheres

A

Right and Left

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31
Q

Telencephalon is latin for

A

Cerebrum

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32
Q

White matter can be Association fibres connect

A

structures in the same hemisphere

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33
Q

Projection fibres

A

Inferior and superior movements

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34
Q

Commissural fibres

A

travel left to right hemisphere

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35
Q

The left and right hemisphere is seperated by the

A

Longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

What forms the Basal Nuclei (3 smaller structures) deep inside “The Brain”

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Striatrum

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37
Q

Hippocampus (pair-one in each hemisphere ) location + function

A

Brains temporal lobe + where new memories are formed, spatial orientation

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38
Q

Amygdala location + function

A

Almond shaped mass responsible for emotional responses - pleasure, fear, anxiety, rage.

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39
Q

Striatum function

A

Motor movement, pattern, more complex movement

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40
Q

Function of the Thalamus

A

Prime processing centre for information - prevents or enhances the passage of information
All sensory information except olfactory passes through the thalamus before reaching the cortex
Relays information from basal nuclei & cerebullum
Also controls sleep

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41
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Interconnected brain structures that help regulate emotions and behaviour, motivators and memory & automatic nervous systems
- produces natural instincts e.g. hunger, thrist, care, fight or flight

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42
Q

What are the four components of the limbic system

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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43
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

deep in the brain
above brainstem and underneath cerebal cortex

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44
Q

Location of Thalamus

A

Two lobes of grey matter under the cerebal cortex Birds head

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45
Q

Location of Hypothalamus

A

Quite small (size of an almond)
Under the Thalamus = Birds beak

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46
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Major control centre of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
Cardiac function, respiration and reflexes such as vomitting, coughing and sneezing

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47
Q

Autonmic Nervous System (ANS) is divided into

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - rest and relax

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48
Q

The brainstem comprises of

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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49
Q

The brainstem is the origin of most

A

Cranial nerves (PNS)

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50
Q

The forth ventricle is located between

A

Pons and the Cerebellum

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51
Q

Brainstem function

A

Most important parts of the entire central nervous system because it connects the brain and the spinal cord

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52
Q

The midbrains function

A

vital connection between the forebrain and hindbrain
it is the top most part of the brainstem
connection between the brain and spinal cord
Connects the thalamus

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53
Q

The hindbrain includes most of the brainstem and comprimes of the

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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54
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) coronal view looks like

A

Mickey Mouse

55
Q

Identify the surface features of the midbrain

A

Superior colliculi (double chin) - vision
Inferior colliculi (above double chin area) - auditory
Cerebral Peduncles (ear area white matter) - motor control, sensory information relay.

56
Q

Identify the internal features of the midbrain

A

Red nucleus (eyes) - motor control and muscle tone
Substantial nigra (black lines - ears) - motor pattern
Cerebral aqueduct (hole - nose) - connects third and fourth ventricle - allows CFS to drain from third to fourth ventricle

57
Q

Pons Function ‘bridge’ ‘bulbous in shape’

A

Sits underneath the midbrain
‘Bridge’ Relays sensory information to the Cerebellum
coordination centre for signals
connects forebrain motor and hindbrain sensory
regulates breathing, swallowing, hearing, facial expressions and sleep

58
Q

Pons Features

A

Cerebellar pundcles
4 th ventricle

59
Q

Function of Medulla Oblongata

A

nerve tract for control centres for autonomic (can’t control) vital functions - heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and involuntary reflexes e.g. swallowing, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing
connects spinal cord to rest of brain
sensory tracts pit stop

60
Q

Medualla key features

A

open medulla
closed medulla
pyramids - top
olives
4th ventricle - where the open medualla would be

61
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Network of nuerons in the brainstem that works togehter and integrates different system functions - movement, pain, breathing and heartrate, consciousness and attention

62
Q

Cerebullum function

A

The coordinator and predictor of movement - feedforward and feedback
predicts consequences & adjusts the movement commands

63
Q

The human brain is highly convoluted with

A

gyri (grey matter - cell bodies ) and sulci (white matter - axons)

64
Q

Identify the brain landmarks

A

Longitudinal fissure - seperates left and right
Central Sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus

65
Q

Cortical parcellations

A

assigning a neuroanatomical label to a region

66
Q

Function of the Frontal cortical lobe

A

Motor control
High cognitive (critical) thinking, decision making
Executive Functions: emotional regualtion, planning, reasoning, problem solving
Personality

67
Q

Function of the Parietal cortical lobe

A

Tactile sensation
Sensory information: touch, tempreature, pleasure, pain

68
Q

Function of the Occipital cortical lobe

A

Vision - visual processing

69
Q

Function of the Temporal cortical lobe

A

Hearing, language & Learning

70
Q

Function of the Limbic cortical lobe

A

Emotions, memory & body functions

The limbic system is buried deep within the brain & includes
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglia -
- Amygdala & Hippocampus

71
Q

The Insular cortex is covered by the ______
It sits inside the ________________

A

Frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Inside the later sulcus

72
Q

Under the Insula is

A

A thin nucleus called claustrum & is hyperconnected with most cortical areas (hub)

73
Q

Brocas’s area is located in the

A

Frontal lobe

74
Q

The precentral gyrus is located in the

A

Frontal lobe

75
Q

The precentral gyrus is the site of the

A

primary motor cortex

76
Q

Dominant hemisphere is usually

A

The left hemisphere

77
Q

Primary motor cortex functions

A

regulates pattern of breathing
vocalisation for speech
coordinates activity of respitatory, larrngeal and paharyngeal muscles
muscles of tongue, soft palate, lips, cheeks, mandible

78
Q

Broca’s area function is

A

production of speech

79
Q

The postcentral gyrus is in the

A

Parietal lobe

80
Q

The postcentral gyrus contains

A

Primary sensory cortex

81
Q

The Wernicke’s area is located in the

A

Parietal, temporal and occiptal lobes
Interpretation centre
Sits at the end of the lateral sulcus
needs information from all areas

82
Q

Wernicke area function is

A

Language comprehension
Recieves information about all sensory association areas
Integrates sensory information
corrdinates complex visual & auditory memories
interprets what is seen and heard

83
Q

Decussation of pyramids movement

A

Crosses to the other side - right hemisphere controls left

84
Q

Temporal lobe is the site of the

A

Primary auditory cortex

85
Q

Occipital Lobe is divided by the

A

Calcarine sulcus

86
Q

Occipial lobe processess visual information for what area

A

Wernicke - to interpret what we see

87
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the

A

temporal lobe

88
Q

The Limbic system is nvolved in

A

behvioural and emotional responses - especially when it comes to survival: feeding, caring, fight or flight
learning, motivation and memory

89
Q

White matter tracts connects different _______________
made from ___________________

A

parts of the brain
myelinated axons

90
Q

Commissural fibres connect the _______________
this is called the _________________

A

two cerebal hemispheres
corpus callosum

91
Q

The corpus callosum connects what lobes

A

frontal, parietal and occipital lobes

92
Q

The anterior commissure connects what lobes

A

temporal

93
Q

The projection fibres consist of

A

efferent (exiting)
afferent (arriving) fibres

94
Q

The connection fibres connect the

A

cereberal cortex with the thalamus, basil ganglia (deep cerebral nuclei) , brain stem and spinal cord

95
Q

Association fibres connect

A

different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere
e.g. Broca’s area to Wernike

96
Q

What are Meninges

A

3 layers of membrane that cover and protect your brain and spinal cord (CNS)

97
Q

What are the functions of Meninges

A

Support, protect and hold the brain

98
Q

What do meninges look like?

A
99
Q

What are the 3 layers of Meninges known as

A

Dura mater - outermost tough layer
Arachnoid mater - web-like structure with blood vessels and fluid
Pia mater - delicate thin layer “skin”

100
Q

The Falx Cerebri dural fold function

A

Keeps brain suspended

101
Q

The superior and inferior sagitall sinus drain down into the

A

Internal Jugular vein

102
Q

What are the functions of the Brains ventricualr system

A

Physical support/ cushioning
Excretory function (removes excess waste)
Chemical communication

103
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Tendancy towards a relatively stable equilibrum

104
Q

What is the function of the Node of Ranvier

A

Regenerate and recharge the action potential that travels along the axon - Salatory conduction that allows for fast and efficienct communication within the nervous system

105
Q

What is the function on the myelin sheath covering the axon

A

insulate and protect the axon enabling electrical impulses

106
Q

What is the function of the schwann cell

A

they produce the myelin sheath that insulates the axon and help propagate the electrical signals

107
Q

What is the function of the Dendrite

A

Recieves inforamtion from other neurons and transmits electrical signal to the cell body

108
Q

What is the function of the cell body (soma)

A

Organises and keeps the cell functional - cells life support centre

109
Q

The nucleus contains the cells

A

DNA-RNA

110
Q

The function of the Axon

A

Sends the electrical signals away from the cell body

111
Q

The function of the Axon Termina

A

button like structure. It conducts action potentials and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse to communicate with other neurons or cells

112
Q

The third ventricle in the brain is located between the

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus

113
Q

The function of the subclavian arteries is to

A

supply oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain, neck, and arms

114
Q

The left subcalvian artery branches off from the
It supplies

A

Arch of Aorta (last one)
upper body, head, neck and left arm

115
Q

The right subcalvian artery originates from the
It supplies

A

brachiocephalic trunck from the aortic arch
upper body, head, neck and right arm

116
Q

The anterior cerebral artery (antlers on circle of willis head) supply

A

mainly the medial surface of the fronal and parietal lobe

117
Q

The posterior cerebral artery (arms of willis) supply

A

mainly the meidal surface of the occcipital lobe and basal surface of occipital and temporal lobes

118
Q

The middle cerebral artery (ears of willis)

A

mainly supplies the lateral surface of all lobes

119
Q

What are the 2 types of stroke

A

Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke

120
Q

What is the feature of a ischemic stroke

A

Blood flow obstructed

121
Q

What is the feature of a Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Ruptured blood vessel leaks blood into the brain

122
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

lateral ventricle

123
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A

Produced in the lateral ventricle > to the third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct >to the fourth ventricle

124
Q

what is the function of the Choroid plexus

A

Production and circulation of the CSF

125
Q

Review image of the flow of CSF:
Fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus
Third Ventricle

A
126
Q

Name the 4 types of glial cells that support a neuron
A.M.O.E

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodenrocytes
Ependymal

127
Q

Explain what a Astrocyte glial cell does

A

Star shapes cell that maintains the neurons working environment by controlling the neurotransmitter around the synapses

128
Q

Explain what a Microglia glial cell does

A

These are the brains immune cells that serves to protect it aginst injury and disease - they identify when something has gone wrong and initates a response - removes toxic agent /clears away the dead cells

129
Q

Explain what a Oligodendrocyte glial cell does

A

provide support to axons particularly those that travel long distances within the brain. They produce a fatty substance called myelin.

130
Q

Explain what a Ependymal cell

A

line the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain. They are involved in creating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

131
Q

Function of Wernikes area

A

spaital awareness/ orientation
Speech comprehension

132
Q

Function of Broca area

A

Production of speech

133
Q

Herch’s area

A

Primary auditory

Anatomy (18 decks)

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